Abstract:
In the past decades, optical tweezers have been an exquisite tool to study a variety of molecular machines. By studying mechanical properties of these biomolecules, it has been possible gain new insights into a range of biophysical questions regarding, for example, microtubule dynamics, the stepping behaviour of motor proteins, DNA mechanics, as well as, membrane remodelling. Membrane remodelling is important for many essential cellular processes such as cell division, vesicular transport of cargo, formation of lopodia and fission and fusion of the mitochondrial network. A cell's plasma membrane encloses the cytosol and defines its boundary to the extracellular environment. Any interaction between the cell and the environment is mediated either by membrane transport proteins or a change of membrane shape resulting, for instance, in an exchange of cargo via endo- or exocytosis. Deformations in the shape of the whole cell are predominately mediated by the cytoskeleton, whereas deformations during endo- and exocytosis are mediated by a shape change of the plasma membrane and its associated proteins. To regulate these mechanisms of membrane transport and deformation, cells developed several fundamental processes. One such essential process is the intracellular transport of membrane proteins or soluble components via vesicles. These vesicles form out of a at membrane and initially remain in contact with the original membrane through a tether. This reshaping of a membrane has been studied with a variety of in vitro membrane systems such as giant unilamellar vesicles utilizing optical tweezers. How an individual protein or oligomer induces this membrane deformation remains poorly understood. To study the mechanics of membrane remodeling, I established an in vitro assay of a reconstituted hemispherical giant unilamellar vesicle. In the experiment, a membrane tether is pulled out of a vesicle and interactions with membrane associated proteins can be observed. Here, dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) was shown to sever membrane tethers after diffusion on the model membrane system. To perform these experiments, I developed an optical tweezers system that is capable of simultaneous force and uorescence measurements. The system is further equipped with simultaneous interference reection microscopy and a heating laser that can locally increase the temperature, for example, to adjust the membrane tension of vesicles. Furthermore, a novel vibration isolation system and advanced temperature control minimized mechanical noise and thermal drift, respectively. The novel, custom-built microscope with single-molecule sensitivity allows to correlate membrane deformation with the presence of individual proteins or oligomers. In the long-term, such experiments will provide a better understanding of how proteins deform membranes to fullfill their cellular functions.