Abstract:
Challenges in research areas such as chemistry, medicine, environmental toxicology and biology require the analysis of complex samples. Fast analysis of these samples using separation techniques with spectrometric or spectroscopic detection is common. Most often, chromatographic separation techniques such as gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry are chosen. These techniques, however, often reach their limits when highly charged analytes are investigated. Here, electromigrative separation techniques with their orthogonal separation mechanism are an attractive alternative. A very promising electrophoretic separation technique, which is primarily used during this work, is capillary electrophoresis (CE). One of the greatest challenges using this technique lies in the separation of biological samples, since analytes such as polyamines, peptides and proteins interact with and adsorb on the surface of “bare fused silica”-capillaries which impairs reproducibility. Without efficient suppression of these interactions, separation efficiency and run-to-run reproducibility suffer. A good way to suppress these detrimental interactions of analytes with the capillary surface is to modify the surface using of dynamic, statically adsorbed or covalently bound capillary coatings. In this work, I present approaches for the reproducible separation of polyamines, peptides and proteins: 1) In Chapter 2, the use of poly ethylene oxide as dynamic coating in SDS-CE enables the size-based separation of proteins up to a weight of 100 kDa. Advantages of this technique over classic gelbased SDS-PAGE are separation times of about 20 min and direct quantification via on-line UVdetection without the need of preliminary labeling or subsequent dyeing. Separation times were reduced to 5 min by short-end-injection and modification of the aperture for UV-detection. The presented separation system offers outstanding matrix tolerance: even complex samples such as serum were successfully separated without additional processing. Increased separation performance and efficiency were aspired by the addition of alkanols to the BGE, variation of temperature and the use of enrichment plugs in the capillary. Therein, especially the use of 2- propanol in the BGE proves fruitful regarding separation efficiency in the mass range up to 40 kDa. In Chapter 3 I will interpret my results with an extensive literature search to show, that the observed increase in separation efficiency is linked to a change of the separation mechanism from Reptation- to Ogston-sieving. 2) In Chapter 4, I proudly present, that I achieved CE-separation with MS-hyphenation not only for small polyamines and peptides, but also of large, non-digested proteins. This was possible using a single capillary coating only based on N-acryloylamido ethoxyethanol (AAEE). This highly polar and covalently bound capillary coating offers enjoyably high reproducibly and stability, the latter enabling operating times of 100 h, even when complex samples such as human serum and polyamines in fish eggs were analyzed. In Chapter 5 a novel and parallelized approach for the synthesis of this capillary coating is presented. SEM-measurements of the capillary surface between reaction steps forced me to postulate a novel reaction-mechanism for the formation of the coated surface. Additionally, I present, that pre-conditioning of capillaries with hypercritical water can result in higher reproducibility of capillary-to-capillary performance and reduced synthesis time. In Chapter 6 I will show that the presented separation techniques are excellent for the separation and detection of proteins equilibrated using hexapeptide ligand libraries (HLL). A novel approach for the consecutive equilibration of small sample volumes, which enables a deep insight into the proteome, is critically discussed. Challenges intrinsic to the solid phase extraction of proteins using HLLs are traced back to irreversible binding sites on HLLs. To tackle this issue, different elution and pre-equilibration protocols are designed and investigated. To re-establish binding conditions in consecutive equilibration, which is consecutive equilibration, different protocols for the processing of eluates from HLLs using 10 kDa cut-off filters are presented. Aspects that critically impair yields and recovery rates come to the fore and improved protocols are presented. A further project focused on CE-MS-based pI-value determination of a hardly soluble, cyclic and antibiotic peptide (Chapter 7). Detection of this peptide was not possible using AAEE-coated capillaries. This problem was overcome by using non-coated capillaries and BGEs containing small amounts of citric acid, which functions not only as buffer but also as a dynamic capillary coating. To confirm the determined pI-vaues, a novel and time-saving approach for the sequential injection of amino acid reference substances was developed.