Abstract:
Pesticides compose one of the biggest groups of the organic pollutants. Among the possible interactions, sorption is the one, that may have the most significant effect on the reactivity and bioavailability, as well as toxicity of the pesticides in the natural aqueous systems. However, many previous studies of the toxicity of the pesticides are mainly focused on the freely-dissolved compounds, neglecting the effect of sorption [Smit et al., 2015; Perez et al., 2011]. Present research is a part of an interdisciplinary study (EXPAND project). The main motivation of the EXPAND project was to investigate the toxic effects of particle-associated compounds on target and non-target organisms on an environmental level. This dissertation is aimed at investigating sorbent-sorbate interactions between pesticides and particles. The impact of environmental factors (pH, ionic strength, the presence of ions, competitive sorption) on these interactions was investigated in the batch experiments. The sorption experiments were performed on different sorbents and various insecticides (imidacloprid and thiacloprid), herbicides (glyphosate (with its metabolite AMPA) and glufosinate ammonium) and fungicides (hexaconazole and propiconazole). The sorbents used in the experiment are zeolites (from FAU and BEA groups), amorphous alumina, periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO-silica) and mesoporous silica MCM-48. The choice of the particles was done based on their environmental abundance, properties as potentially effective sorbents (specific surface area, chemical structure, and porosity) and applicability to the toxicological experiments (small size, facilitating an uptake by studied organisms). The concentrations of the pesticides were determined with the following techniques: HPLC-UV, LC-MS, CE. ATR-FTIR technique was applied to explain the sorption mechanisms of pesticides on chosen sorbents. The Langmuir model was fitted to the experimentally obtained data. An effect of environmental fac-tor on the sorption of charged and non-charged pesticides varied significantly and was explained by different effects. In general, the sorbents with high sorption capacity were found for each investigated pesticide. These results were used for the sorption mechanism interpretation and later on, for the toxicological studies [Lorenz et al., 2017 a, b], [Früh, in preparation]. The following mechanism of the interactions between thiacloprid and imidacloprid and the zeolites was proposed: a) coordination of C=N group with exchangeable cations of zeolites; b) π-anion EDA in-teractions between negatively charged zeolite surface and N atoms of pyridine ring of IC and TC mol-ecules; c) hydrogen bond formation between Cl- of neonicotinoid molecule and hydrogens on the zeolite surface. Moreover, it was suggested, that sorption of imidacloprid and thiacloprid on zeolites is limited by pore-filling process. The proposed sorption mechanism of azole fungicides on PMO-silica involved hydrogen-N(triazole) and anion-N(triazole) bond formation. Additionally, aryl-ring was suggested for anion-π EDA interac-tions. ATR-FTIR results imply inner-sphere coordination between posphonate functional group of glyphosate molecule and alumina surface, forming a nonprotonated monodentate complex or a nonprotonated bidentate binuclear complex. Moreover, outer-sphere coordination was proposed between carboxyl functional group and aluminium oxide.