Abstract:
Oncolytic viruses such as VACV and MeV are live, self-replicating biological anticancer agents, which have supplemented established therapies for quite a while (Bell, 2007). While sparing normal tissue, OVs destroy cancer cells by direct tumor cell lysis and the establishment of a host antitumor immune response (Kaufman et al, 2015). Nevertheless, primary resistance phenomenon to this novel approach hinders its widespread application.
In 2010, Le Boeuf et al. published a promising attempt by demonstrating synergistic interaction between a VACV and a VSV strain (Le Boeuf et al, 2010). MeV and VACV proved to be safe, and moreover, convinced in some cases with outstanding oncolytic efficacy. On the basis of highly resistant tumor cells, we here investigated in vitro whether Le Boeuf´s findings were reproducible for VACV GLV-1h254 and vaccine-based measles construct MeV-GFP. In accordance with the researchers, we supposed that partial responsive-ness to IFN could have led to a reduced susceptibility of resistant tumor cells to oncolytic virotherapy (Le Boeuf et al, 2010). With GLV-1h254, however, we aimed to suppress the upcoming host antivirus immune reaction.
Prior to double infection trials, it was necessary to determined suitable virus concentrations of both vectors for each cell line. We noticed that every cell line required different plating densities to reach confluence and, moreover, that cell density influenced survival of uninfected controls as well as virus spreading.
After determination of threshold MOIs, we examined different orders of virus treatment and time points for secondary virus infection in double infection trials. SRB assay analysis ensured the superiority of the combinatorial treatment regime. Thus, sequential infections applying VACV prior to MeV-GFP achieved best results, while differences between time points of secondary virus infection had only minor impact. Admittedly, synergistic interaction was not observed and additive effects were limited.
Naturally, our in vitro setting is unable to reflect the complex interactions between oncolytic agents and the host immune response. Thus, we recommend to pursue the here described findings in an immuno¬competent tumor model. This procedure albeit is hindered by the highly restricted host range of measles viruses, which only allows replicative infections in primates and humans.
Sequential infections illustrated a phenomenon called “viral competition”. The majority of double-infected cells was either infected by one or the other, but not by both virus constructs simultaneously. The Keyence microscope was applied to examine this finding in detail. Although most sequentially infected cells exhibited sole infection, some of them glowed yellow, which indicated coinfection by VACV and MeV-GFP. Further trials applying SRB assay and western blot ensured that “viral competition” did not limit the oncolytic potential of the combinatorial treatment regime. However, further studies should focus on the underlying mechanism of the here described phenomenon and its occurrence with other oncolytic virus platforms.