Abstract:
The bacterial cell wall is a highly dynamic structure that undergoes constant change in order
to fulfill its various tasks, which range from physical protection against exterior stress and
maintaining homoeostasis to immune evasion. A major component of the bacterial cell wall is
the peptidoglycan network (PGN). Built up by a carbohydrate backbone of repeating units of
N‐acetylglucosamine and N‐acetylmuramic acid linked to a peptide stem containing nonproteinogenic
amino acids, PGN is a net‐like structure that harbors various proteins and
anchors further components of the cell wall. Depending on the composition of the peptide
stems and the type of cross‐linkage between the peptide stems, PGN can be a very dense
network or a rather loose mesh.
N‐acetylmuramoyl‐L‐alanine amidases cleave the amide bond between the carbohydrate
backbone and the peptide stem and represent a class of PGN‐modulating enzymes that ensure
its plasticity. My work focused on this class of enzymes in order to better understand the
mechanisms that underlie PGN cleavage, and thus its plasticity, by using biochemical and cell
biological tools in combination with X‐ray crystallography.
The bifunctional major autolysin AtlA of Staphylococcus aureus contains a glucosaminidase
and an amidase, which are post‐translationally processed and separated. Deletion of AtlA
leads to cell clusters with irregular division patterns, indication a crucial role in cell division.
I solved the atomic structure of the catalytic domain of the amidase, AmiA‐cat, in complex
with its substrate component muramoyltetrapeptide. Close investigation of the molecular
interactions between enzyme and substrate, along with the analyses of the apo‐structure and
enzymatic activity assays, elucidated the likely reaction mechanism as well as substrate
specificity. Since the intact substrate, including the scissile bond, is present in the complex
structure, it moreover serves as a starting point for therapeutics against methicillin‐resistant
Staphylococcus aureus. Further studies with AmiA‐cat in this regard involve a fragment‐based
screening approach using X‐ray crystallography and the production and evaluation of
therapeutic antibodies against AmiA‐cat as possible active agents.
AmiC2 of the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme fulfills a unique task in order
to enable communication of neighboring cells within a filament. In contrast to cell‐splitting
amidases, AmiC2 drills holes into the septal disk that separates neighboring cells, thus
generating a nanopore array used for nutrient exchange and communication. My cooperation
partner located AmiC2 in the maturating septum and I solved the structure of the catalytic
domain of this enzyme, AmiC2‐cat. In comparison with the homologous enzyme AmiC E. coli, a
regulatory α‐helix is missing, and AmiC2‐cat exhibits high activity, which can be abolished by
mutation of a catalytic glutamate. Ongoing research is focused on the mechanism that governs
activity and specificity of this unusual amidase. In particular, I study the separate and / or
cooperative influence of the additional domains, AMIN‐A, AMIN‐B, and the proline‐rich linker
of the AmiC2 holo‐enzyme on catalysis and specificity. Furthermore, in cooperation, I am
working on elucidating the exact chemical composition of Nostoc PGN, perhaps even
differences between nascent, septal, and mature PGN. The results will be essential to generate
complex structures, and elucidating potential PGN differences will provide insights into
specificity.