Abstract:
Utilizing experimental and numerical methods, properties and interactions of Rydberg states of rubidium atoms were studied, particularly with their applications in quantum information processing in mind. The lifetimes of the Rydberg states impose fundamental limits on the achievable fidelity of quantum operations involving Rydberg atoms. Therefore, the measurement of Rydberg state lifetimes was central to this work, including observation of lifetime increases due to reduced thermal radiation at lowered environment temperatures, as well as lifetime reduction due to interaction-induced ionizing collisions [6]. The measurements were conducted in an all-optical fashion by time-resolved monitoring of the atomic absorption signal combined with a laser resonant to the Rydberg transition, allowing for state-selective lifetime measurements in dilute clouds of ultracold atoms. Furthermore, a method based on time-resolved electromagnetically induced transparency was developed and experimentally demonstrated, which allows for Rydberg atom detection as well as, in principle, detection of coherent superpositions [4].
Detailed knowledge about the inner structure of Rydberg atoms is essential for their successful application in quantum experiments. In this work, absolute energies of 87Rb nS and nD states were determined with high accuracy (≤1 MHz), providing their quantum defects and the binding energy of the ground state of this isotope with an accuracy improved by two orders of magnitude [1]. Based on the experimental values for the energy levels, the theoretical description of the effective potential for the valence electron of Rubidium could be improved over previous models, with particularly significant improvements regarding the values for fine structure splitting [3].
Using model potentials and the spectroscopically obtained values for the quantum defects, shifts and splittings of the spectral lines by electric fields were calculated (Stark effect), and experimentally verified in ranges of higher n quantum numbers compared to previously published measurements [5]. Such Stark shifts pose a serious challenge for experiments that aim to quantum mechanically couple Rydberg atoms with coplanar resonators, as the shifts are caused by surface adsorbates on the resonator chip and can vary in space and time. An experimental quantification of their detrimental effect was conducted in [2] with Rydberg atoms near a copper surface.
[1] M. Mack, F. Karlewski, H. Hattermann, S. Höckh, F. Jessen, D. Cano und J. Fortágh, „Measurement of absolute transition frequencies of 87Rb to nS and nD Rydberg states by means of electromagnetically induced transparency“, Phys. Rev. A 83, 052515 (2011).
[2] H. Hattermann, M. Mack, F. Karlewski, F. Jessen, D. Cano und J. Fortágh, „Detrimental adsorbate fields in experiments with cold Rydberg gases near surfaces“, Phys. Rev. A 86, 022511 (2012).
[3] A. Sanayei, N. Schopohl, J. Grimmel, M. Mack, F. Karlewski und J. Fortágh, „Quasiclassical quantum defect theory and the spectrum of highly excited rubidium atoms“, Phys. Rev. A 91, 032509 (2015).
[4] F. Karlewski, M. Mack, J. Grimmel, N. Sándor und J. Fortágh, „State-selective all-optical detection of Rydberg atoms“, Phys. Rev. A 91, 043422 (2015).
[5] J. Grimmel, M. Mack, F. Karlewski, F. Jessen, M. Reinschmidt, N. Sándor und J. Fortágh, „Measurement and numerical calculation of Rubidium Rydberg Stark spectra“, New J. Phys. 17, 053005 (2015).
[6] M. Mack, J. Grimmel, F. Karlewski, L. Sárkány, H. Hattermann und J. Fortágh, „All-optical measurement of Rydberg-state lifetimes“, Phys. Rev. A 92, 012517 (2015).