Abstract:
The capability of xerothermophilic land snails to tolerate strong heat, while accepting desiccation and overheating in turn, requires several physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptions. Often, these land gastropods show a strong shell colouration polymorphism, which is both variable in its intra- and interspecific characteristics. Up to now, little is known about to what extent the shell colouration pattern can be modified by means of environmental parameters, and which physiological mechanisms are involved in such processes.
Within the scope of this study, a number of environmental parameters, which initiate the physiological stress response, could be determined on the basis of stress protein (Hsp70) induction. The overall pattern turned out to be as follows: large specimen of Xeropicta derbentina tend to have white shells, climb on vertical objects and remain in high residing heights during the hot day hours while keeping a low Hsp70 level. On the contrary, small individuals show darker shell pigmentation on average, remain lower in their sitting height above ground with a higher Hsp70 level. Based on population-specific differences in Hsp70 induction patterns and the cellular integrity of the hepatopancreas, diverse stress response strategies could be determined. In addition, the association between decreasing Hsp70 levels and the increase of the individual size could be related to the age of the animals and thereby accompanied by physiological alterations. Furthermore, it was shown that the size, as well as the shell colouration pattern of Theba pisana snails, significantly influences individual heating by thermal absorption of light and individual heat loss.
In adult T. pisana populations, high ambient temperatures in winter and spring were connected to an increase in phenotypic diversity, which was caused by unspecific shell pattern alterations during sensitive life stages at the middle of a snail’s life.
Low phenotypic diversity, which goes along with mainly unpigmented, white shells in X. derbentina populations, could be related to high constitutive and maximum Hsp70 levels and might be provoked by inhibition processes of Hsp70 on melanin synthesis, as this was shown in mammal melanoma cells. A population-specific increase of genetic diversity on the basis of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) haplotypes was not connected with phenotypic diversity, but with a decrease in Hsp70 induction capacity.
This study shows evidence for Hsp70 to canalize phenotypic development in X. derbentina and therefore act as an epigenetic, environmentally driven capacitor. The phenotypic diversity of T. pisana, a relatively low Hsp70 inducing and more heat-sensitive snail species, decanalizes under elevated temperatures in winter and spring.