Abstract:
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells participating in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The functions of DCs are governed by Ca2+ signaling. Ca2+-sensitive functions include DC activation, maturation and migration, as well as formation of the immunological synapse. Upon ligation of their chemokine receptors, such as CXCR4, DCs respond with a fast increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), which involves release of Ca2+ from the stores followed by Ca2+ entry through the store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels. While the activity of SOC channels is crucial for DC migration, the SOC-induced increase of [Ca2+]i is tightly controlled and rapidly terminated, since Ca2+ overload impairs DC migration. In DCs, increase of [Ca2+]i is efficiently blunted and terminated by Ca2+ extrusion, which is accomplished by K+-independent (NCX) and K+-dependent (NCKX) Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. Very little is known about how Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+-dependent functions are regulated. The present study pursued two aims. The first aim was to investigate the potential role of AMPK in the regulation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+-dependent functions of mouse DCs. The second aim was to study the effects of Klotho in the regulation of the components of Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+-dependent functions in DCs.
One of the signaling molecules activated by Ca2+ is the energy-sensing AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is known to suppress proinflammatory responses of DCs and macrophages. To explore whether AMPK participates in the regulation of Ca2+ entry, Ca2+ extrusion and, thereby Ca2+-dependent functions in DCs, bone marrow-derived DCs were obtained from AMPKalpha-deficient mice (ampk-/-) and from respective wild type littermates (ampk+/+). As measured in transwell chambers, the efficiency of ampk-/- DCs to migrate in response to the CXCL12 (75 ng/ml) chemokine was strongly enhanced. Similarly, CXCL12
(300 ng/ml)-induced increase of [Ca2+]i was much higher in ampk-/- DCs than in ampk+/+ DCs, as measured by Fura-2 fluorescence. Accordingly, when SOC channels were activated by inhibition of the endosomal Ca2+ ATPase with thapsigargin, SOC entry was significantly increased in ampk-/- DCs. Orai1 protein abundance was enhanced in ampk-/- DCs. Moreover, upon removal of external Na+, activities of both NCX and NCKX were significantly enhanced in ampk-/- DCs as compared to ampk+/+ DCs. Similarly, in patch clamp experiments, the NCX and NCKX currents were both significantly increased in ampk-/- DCs. In conclusion, AMPK strongly suppresses DC migration, presumably through inhibition of both, SOC entry and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in DCs.
NCKX exchangers are stimulated by immunosuppressive 1,25(OH)2D3. Formation of 1,25(OH)2D3 is inhibited by the anti-aging protein Klotho. Thus, 1,25(OH)2D3 plasma levels are excessive in Klotho-deficient mice (klothohm). The present study explored whether Klotho-deficiency modifies [Ca2+]i regulation in DCs. DCs were isolated from bone marrow of klothohm mice and corresponding wild type mice (klotho+/+) and cultured for 7 to 9 days with GM-CSF. According to MHC II and CD86 expression, differentiation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation was similar in klothohm and klotho+/+ DCs. However, NCKX activity was significantly enhanced in klothohm DCs. The [Ca2+]i increase upon acute application of LPS (1 µg/ml) was significantly lower in klothohm DCs than in klotho+/+ DCs, a difference reversed by NCKX-blocker 3’,4’-dichlorobenzamyl (DBZ, 10 µM). CCL21-dependent migration was significantly reduced in klothohm DCs compared to klotho+/+ DCs. NCKX activity could be enhanced by pretreating klotho+/+ DC precursors with 1,25(OH)2D3 for the first 2 days after isolation from bone marrow. Feeding klothohm mice a vitamin D deficient diet decreased NCKX activity, augmented LPS-induced increase of [Ca2+]i, and enhanced migration of klothohm DCs, thus dissipating the differences between klothohm DCs and klotho+/+ DCs. Impaired migration of klothohm DCs could be also rescued by DBZ (10 µM). In conclusion, Klotho deficiency up-regulates Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity and thus blunts the increase of [Ca2+]i following LPS exposure and CCL21-mediated migration. These effects are in large part due to excessive 1,25(OH)2D3 formation.