Abstract:
Unlike any other discovery in life sciences throughout the past years, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have raised the hope for personalized medical therapies. IPS cells represent embryonic stem (ES)-like cells, are immortal and can, in principle, infinitely give rise to all somatic cells and their precursors. Since they are generated from patient-derived cells (e.g. fibroblasts), they enable isogenic replacement of defective tissues or cells such as cardiomyocytes after cardiac infarction or dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. In addition, during iPS cell generation no human embryos are destroyed, thereby circumventing several ethical issues that accompany scientific or medical applications employing ES cells. However, iPS cells do not exhibit all features of ES cells. At least in part, iPS cells keep the epigenetic "memory" of their cells of origin. Likewise, genomic instability, chromosomal aberrations and mutations can hardly be removed during or after reprogramming. This is of prime importance as pluripotent cells generally exhibit increased tumorigenic potential compared to terminally differentiated cells. A detailed understanding of survival and apoptosis pathways is, hence, essential for the development of safe stem cell therapies.
In the first part, this thesis elucidates apoptotic responses in iPS cells, fibroblasts and a control cell line (Jurkat) upon extrinsic, intrinsic and ER stress stimulation. It is demonstrated that iPS cells prove hypersensitive to DNA double-strand breaks(DSB)-inducing treatment, but resist extrinsic death ligands, while fibroblasts show a reversed pattern of susceptibility.
In order to link the extent of cellular DNA damage to the induction of apoptosis, an accurate and sequence-specific real-time PCR-based method for DNA damage quantification was developed. The characterization and specification of the method and different applications are subject of the second section of this work. It is shown that, although being highly sensitive to DSBs in terms of apoptosis, iPS cells acquire lower DNA lesion rates than fibroblasts and Jurkat cells, indicating elevated protection mechanisms in iPS cells.
The last part of this thesis discusses the examination of such DNA damage prevention mechanisms. It is demonstrated that the level of the most important cellular small molecule antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), is elevated in iPS cells compared to fibroblasts. In addition, fibroblasts and Jurkat cells exhibited significantly increased DNA damage upon genotoxic treatment after GSH depletion. However, in iPS cells, GSH depletion had no effect on DNA damage frequency. Finally, increased expression of various genes coding for proteins or enzymes involved in antioxidative defense was found in iPS cells.
The current work provides new insights into the apoptotic response, the relation between DNA damage and apoptosis and cellular DNA damage prevention mechanisms in human pluripotent cells, which might prove useful for a more detailed understanding of physiological properties of this promising new cell type.