Abstract:
This thesis structurally analyzes the attachment protein sigma1 of Type 1 reovirus and the GP42 transglutaminase (TGase) from the plant pathogen Phytophthora sojae. Reoviruses serve as model systems to study virus-host interactions and are currently tested in clinical trials as oncolytic agents. The reovirus outer capsid protein sigma 1 mediates initial attachment of the virus to its host cell and is therefore a major determinant of target cell selection and viral tropism. The specific interaction between the trimeric sigma a1 protein and carbohydrates on the surface of host cells is thought to cause these serotype-dependent differences in tropism and pathogenesis. By glycan array analyses with purified sigma 1 protein, this study identified the carbohydrate receptor of Type 1 Lang (T1L) reovirus, the GM2 glycan. The interaction between the GM2 tetrasaccharide and T1L sigma 1 in solution was confirmed by STD NMR spectroscopy. Subsequent determination of the crystal structure of the C-terminal part of T1L sigma 1 in complex with the GM2 glycan allowed us to understand the specific recognition of the GM2 glycan by T1L sigma 1 at an atomic level and to define residues required for functional carbohydrate engagement. The GM2 glycan serves as a serotype-specific receptor for T1L reovirus. Thus, the identification of the glycan receptor of Type 1 reovirus and the structural analyses of the sigma 1-carbohydrate complex help to explain differences in tropism between reovirus serotypes and expand knowledge of virus-host interaction and viral attachment mechanisms.
In addition, the N-terminal tail domain of sigma 1 was structurally investigated. The sigma 1 tail carries a heptad repeat pattern characteristic for coiled coil formation. Two different segments of the tail domain were crystallized, and both structures were determined at high resolution. The structures confirmed that a large portion of the T1L sigma 1 tail folds into an alpha-helical coiled coil and revealed interactions that stabilize the trimeric coiled coils. The structures furthermore help to establish reovirus sigma 1 as a platform into which helical elements from other proteins can be inserted and presented for antibody recognition. Such chimeric reoviruses could be used as vaccines to trigger the production of antibodies against conserved viral epitopes, such as the A helix of the influenza virus hemagglutinin.
In the second project, the crystal structure of the TGase GP42 from the parasitic plant pathogen, Phytophthora sojae, was solved. Phytophthora species are oomycetes that cause huge economic losses by infecting a variety of plants, including potato, cacao, oak, and soybean. Interestingly, all Phytophthora species tested so far possess an enzyme homologous to GP42, including a conserved peptide of 13 amino acids. This peptide, Pep-13, is recognized by the plant immune system and elicits an immune response in host and non-host plants. The GP42 crystal structure demonstrates that Pep-13 forms a beta-strand on the surface of the TGase, where most residues are well accessible for components of the plant immune system. Furthermore, the GP42 crystal structure suggests that the active site of the enzyme comprises a catalytic triad composed of Cys290, His291, and Asp328. Although there is no sequence homology between GP42 and human or bacterial TGases, GP42 shares a central core fold with papain-like cysteine proteases. Sequence comparisons between GP42 and homologs from other oomycetes showed that conserved residues cluster around the active site of the enzyme. Thus, the crystal structure of GP42 serves as a model for TGases from related oomycetes. Additionally, a search for sequence homologs of GP42 outside the oomycete taxonomic group identified GP42-like proteins in marine vibrio bacteria, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between these organisms and Phytophthora.