Abstract:
The human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) was recently identified as a potential pathogen and etiologic in inflammatory cardiomyopathy (iCMP). The infection of myocardial endothelial cells by B19V can come along with endothelial dysfunction and secondary injury of myocytes, which leads to an iCMP. The B19V effector protein NS1 is essential for initiating viral replication by its helicase, nickase and ATPase activity. The overexpression of B19V-NS1 is cytotoxic and can induce apoptosis.
To date, molecular mechanisms, which lead to an inflammation and to the development of B19V-iCMP, are still poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated inflammatory signaling pathways, notably MAPK and eNOS signaling. Our studies showed , that B19V and B19V-NS1 caused a significant dysregulation of MAPK signaling pathways in permissive megakaryocytes (UT-7/EPO), as well as in semi-permissive endothelial cells (hMEC-1). This dysregulation includes especially activation of the kinases p44/42-ERK and p38-MAPK. Additionally, a modulation of MAPK-associated genes could be observed in gene expression arrays. Initial analysis of the influence of B19V-NS1 on regulation of eNOS signaling showed intense dysregulation of eNOS target genes. Interestingly, an influence of B19-NS1 on the expression of eNOS could not be found. In order to determine the way, in which B19-NS1 acts as a direct or indirect effector on the intracellular signaling cascade, we performed interaction studies and identified 11 B19-NS1 binding partners. These cellular proteins could be associated with pathophysiological and viral processes.
Parvoviruses are genetically highly variable. Additionally, gen mutations influence viral processes and the clinical manifestation of a viral infection. Thus, B19V DNA of patients suffering from B19V infections was isolated and screened for mutations in functional domains. On the basis of a case study, a yet described mutation (K334E) causing a loss of cytotoxic features in B19V-NS1, could be associated with a mild clinical outcome. Whilst analysing the devergency of the B19V genome, genotype 2 variability seemed to be increased. Following investigation of the highly variable NS1-VP1u region of B19V genotype 2 resulted in the differentiation of two genetic variants 2a and 2b.
The results of the analysis within this doctoral thesis prove a dysregulation of MAPK signaling transduction and the eNOS signaling cascade by B19V, which could lead to proapoptotic and proinflammatory processes. These findings can help to explain the development of B19V-associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy with endothelial dysfuction and could serve as a basis for future diagnostic and therapeutic options of B19V-iCMP.