Abstract:
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialised antigen presenting cells, linking innate and adaptive immunity. They are stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In macrophages, ROS formation is paralleled by the activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger, a transporter involved in the regulation of cytosolic pH and cell volume. The present study was undertaken to unravel the possible role of Na+/H+ exchanger in the activation of DCs.
In the first step, using quantitative real time PCR analysis the expression of Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) isoforms in bone marrow-derived mouse DCs was analysed. The expression of NHE1 was highest among the various isoforms known to be localised in the cell membrane, so the study focussed on the functional significance of NHE1 isoform.
Exposure of DCs to LPS, within 4 hours led to a gradual cytosolic acidification paralleled by a transient time and dose dependent increase of Na+/H+ exchanger activity. Moreover, LPS increased forward scatter in FACS, reflecting increase of cell volume, enhanced ROS formation, decreased apoptosis and stimulated release of TNF-alpha. An NHE1 inhibitor cariporide (10 µM) significantly blunted the effects of LPS on Na+/H+ exchanger activity, on cell swelling, on ROS formation, on TNF-alpha secretion as well as antiapoptotic effect of LPS. Na+/H+ exchanger activity was stimulated by oxidative stress as induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (10 µM) and LPS induced stimulation of NHE activity was abolished in the presence of ROS chelators (Tempol, Tiron and Vitamin C). These data indicate that LPS treatment leads to ROS formation, which in turn leads to transient upregulation of the Na+/H+ exchanger in DCs. On the other hand, upregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger is required for the effects of LPS on DC survival, cell volume and ROS formation.
The function of DCs is regulated by the phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)-kinase pathway. On the other hand, PI3-kinase is an important regulator of diverse transporters including the Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE). The next step of this study was to elucidate the role of PI3-kinase in regulation of NHE activity, cell volume, ROS formation and migration. LPS-induced upregulation of Na+/H+ exchanger activity, cell swelling, enhancement of ROS production and stimulation of migration were all significantly blunted by PI3K inhibitors Wortmannin (1 µM) or LY294002 (10 µM) . The present observations disclose a critical role of PI3K signalling in the regulation of DC function following exposure to LPS.
The oxidative stress responsive kinase 1 (OSR1) is activated by WNK (with no K kinases) and in turn stimulates the thiazidesensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCC) and the furosemide sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC) thus contributing to transport and cell volume regulation. Little is known about extrarenal functions of OSR1. The present study analysed the impact of decreased OSR1 activity on the function of DCs. For this purpose, DCs were isolated from bone marrow of heterozygous WNK resistant OSR1 knock in mice (osrKI) and wild type mice (osrWT). DCs express WNK1, WNK3, NCC, NKCC1 and OSR1. NKCC1 phosphorylation was reduced in osrKI DCs. Cell volume and cytosolic pH were similar in osrKI and osrWT DCs, but Na+/H+ exchanger-activity and ROS-production were higher in osrKI compared to osrWTDCs. Prior to LPS treatment, migration was similar in osrKI and osrWT DCs. LPS (1 µg/ml), however, increased the migration of osrWT DCs but not of osrKI DCs. NHE1 inhibitor cariporide (10 µM), which virtually abrogated Na+/H+ exchanger activity in both genotypes, decreased cell volume, intracellular ROS formation, and cytosolic pH to a greater extent in osrKI than in osrWT DCs. LPS increased cell volume, Na+/H+ exchanger activity, and ROS-formation in osrWTDCs but not in osrKIDCs and blunted the difference between osrKI and osrWT DCs. Na+/H+ exchanger activity in osrWT DCs was increased by NKCC1 inhibitor furosemide (100 nM) to values similar to those in osrKI DCs. Oxidative stress (induced by 10 µM tert-butyl-hydroperoxide) increased Na+/H+ exchanger activity in osrWT DCs but not in osrKI DCs and reversed the differences between the genotypes. Cariporide blunted LPS induced cell swelling and ROS formation in osrWT DCs. In conclusion, partial OSR1 deficiency influences Na+/H+-exchanger-activity, ROS-formation and migration of dendritic cells.