Abstract:
The non-nucleated platelets are the key players in thrombosis and haemostasis and versatile mediators of inflammation and immunity. Their life, death and actions define illness and health of men. This dissertation attempted to find what events lead to the apoptotic death in platelets by nutraceutical thymoquinone, pathogen-associated peptidoglycan, the antibiotic vancomycin and finally how platelet activation and death by a recently reported chemokine CXCL16 influence platelet function. Thymoquinone triggers suicidal death of blood platelets in a Phosphoinositide 3Kinase-dependent manner, possibly through a G-protein Coupled Receptor family opioid receptor; an effect paralleled by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) activity, ceramide formation, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase-3 activation. HPLC-purified fractions of peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus 113 triggers apoptosis of platelets, characterized by annexin-V binding, increase of [Ca2+]i, mitochondrial depolarization, caspase-3 activation and integrin alphaIIbbeta3 upregulation. The annexin-V binding was significantly blunted by anti-TLR-2 antibodies, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and by pancaspase inhibitor zVAD-FMK (1 µM). Vancomycin decreased cell volume, triggered annexin V-binding, stimulated ceramide formation and activated caspase 3. The annexin V-binding was significantly blunted by removal of extracellular Ca2+ but not by pan-caspase inhibition with zVAD-FMK (1µM). Vancomycin also triggers thromboxane B2 release from platelets in cyclooxygenase dependent way. The chemokine CXCL16 significantly up-regulated expression of P-selectin and activated integrin alphaIIbbeta3 at the platelet surface. Consistent with these findings the effects of CXCL16 on platelet activation were inhibited by PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 as well as by Akt inhibitor SH-6 (20 µM). The stimulation of adhesion by CXCL16 was again prevented by wortmannin, LY294002 and SH-6. Apyrase and inhibition of the platelet purinergic receptors P2Y1 (MRS2179, 100 µM) and especially P2Y12 (Cangrelor, 10 µM) blunted CXCL16-triggered platelet activation as well as CXCL-16-induced platelet adhesion under high arterial shear stress in vitro indicating that CXCL16 activates platelets via ADP release-dependent paracrine activation. In conclusion the inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 triggers platelet activation and adhesion via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and paracrine activation suggesting a decisive role for CXCL16 in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and thrombo-occlusive diseases.