Abstract:
Every society has a specific way of handling energy, the characteristics of which are represented in energy consumption indicators. Societal changes lead to changes in the use of energy and can therefore be described in terms of these indicators. Following this basic idea, the study at hand examines the effects of the system transformation in the post-socialist states on the key indicators of energy consumption. Assuming that the transformation process will lead to midterm economic growth, the following central theses are formulated:
Due to a catch-up development, the increase in consumption per capita leads to a growing energy consumption per capita.
As a consequence of the changes in the economic structure and efficiency improvements, energy intensity decreases.
To verify these theses, regression analyses for all post-socialist transition countries are performed over the 1997-2007 period. These analyses examine the relationship between the income per capita as a proxy for economic development and the two main energy consumption indicators: energy consumption per capita and energy intensity. Furthermore the post-socialist countries are compared with each other for the year 2007 using a regression analysis. In this case the focus is on the relationship between selected indices for development and transformation, such as the Human Development Index (HDI) or the Bertelsmann Transition Index (BTI) and the aforementioned energy consumption indicators.
In the national case study of Ukraine additional factors such as energy resources or the political system of the country are included. Besides, the analyses can be deepened on a national scale.
The regression analyses over the entire period investigated often show little or no relationship between the variables. However, if the values are considered for two distinct periods, the found regression equations describe the relationship between the variables almost perfectly for some countries.
The bipartite development is understood as a sign of the effectiveness of the transformation process: after a certain time, the persistence of the old system can be overcome. Then a sharp break with the past is having an impact which is visible in the energy consumption indicators.
The cross-section analyses of all post-socialist countries for the year 2007 have not returned such clear results. The most obvious trend is that the distribution of energy intensity can be best explained by the political dimension of the transformation process. Thus, in states where civil rights are respected and where the regulatory quality of the government is on a high level, the probability of a lower energy intensity is relatively high compared to countries which do not meet these criteria.
In the national case study of Ukraine the developments of both the variables influencing consumption and of the energy consumption indicators clearly show how much the country is affected by the transition shock and that this phase can last for several years. The low point of the economic development was not achieved until the late 1990s. The energy intensity of Ukraine has increased sharply over this period despite falling primary energy consumption. It only starts to decrease in the growth phase of the country. However, compared to most other post-socialist states, even at the end of the period investigated, Ukraine’s energy intensity still remains at a high level. The regression analyses carried out for Ukraine show a bipartite development. Thus, transformation-related changes are also apparent in Ukraine. Nevertheless, the economic structure of the country changes only slowly. A large proportion of the gross domestic product is still generated in the industry, which is characterized by above-average energy-intensive industries. For this reason, the energy intensity in the industrial sector declined significantly less than in the already non-energy-intensive service sector. In addition, the increased energy consumption of households rises significantly, contributing to the high level of energy intensity in the country.
Therefore, the studies of the position of Ukraine in international comparison show that that in many cases the country occupies a very special position in terms of energy intensity. Compared to most other post-socialist states in 2007 the energy intensity values of Ukraine were clearly too high with regard to the assessment of the success in the transformation process. In this respect Ukraine shows more similarities to the energy-rich autocracies such as Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, rather than to the other European transformation states.