Abstract:
Plants as sessile organisms cannot escape, when they are confronted with harmful pathogens. Instead, they are weaponed with sophisticated and highly complex molecular responses that allow them to defend themselves. The innate immunity forms the basis for the self-defense of higher organisms, including mammals, invertebrates and plants. During the basal immune response, conserved microbial signatures are perceived by pattern recognition receptors and trigger a variety of defense reactions leading to protection of the plant tissue and resistance. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN) is one of such conserved signatures activating the plant defense responses, however the molecular mechanisms of its recognition was until now not understood. The importance of LysM-domain containing plant proteins in the recognition of carbohydrate ligands, such as chitin and lipochitooligosaccharides, has been elucidated in the last years. Due to the structural similarities between chitin, lipochitooligosaccharide and peptidoglycan, members of this protein family provide interesting candidates for a putative PGN receptor. The reverse genetics approach performed in this work revealed a LysM receptor kinase, CERK1, to be involved in PGN perception. CERK1 is not only essential for the PGN-mediated activation of defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana, it also contributes to bacterial resistance. Consequently, CERK1 is a dual player within plant immunity, as it is important for both the recognition of carbohydrate signatures derived of both fungi and bacteria. The in parallel identified LysM protein, LYM3, binds PGN and is also essential for PGN-responsiveness and bacterial resistance. As LYM3 lacks a signaling domain the obtained data suggest that CERK1 and LYM3 form a functional receptor complex and are both needed for PGN-triggered immunity towards bacterial infection. The second focus of this work was to analyse the possible PGN processing properties of Arabidopsis. Studies on analogous, complex polymeric ligands, like fungal chitin and oomycete ß-glucan and the corresponding perception systems in plants, but also peptidoglycan perception in animals gave indications for such processing events. In addition, both complex and fragmented peptidoglycans act immunostimulatory in Arabidopsis, and are recognised by the same CERK1/LYM3-based receptor system. Therefore, the class III chitinase CHIA, a putative PGN hydrolase, was analysed regarding its role in peptidoglycan degradation and bacterial immunity. CHIA possesses both chitinolytic and peptidoglycan-hydrolysing activity, as observed with CHIA-oe leaf protein extracts but also with protein derived from the secreted fraction of CHIA-oe protoplasts. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative peptidoglycan subtypes can be cleaved by CHIA. The posttranslational glycosylation and apoplastic localisation of CHIA depend on the N-terminal secretion signal. Absence or excess of CHIA-dependent PGN hydrolysis affects the plant defense response towards bacterial pathogens in a negative manner, suggesting that CHIA is a plant innate immunity protein contributing to bacterial resistance.