Abstract:
[18F]fluoride is easily produced at medical cyclotrons in very high yields and without addition of carrier. Therefore, [18F]-labelled tracers can be synthesized with high specific activities. Although aromatic amino acids such as 6-[18F]fluoro-L-DOPA, 2-[18F]Fluoro-L-tyrosine and 6-[18F]fluorophenylalanine are clinically well accepted since quite a while, yet easy and efficient radiofluorinations at benzene ring are still remained to be highly desirable. Since such amino acids possess electron rich aromatic ring, [18F]-labelling by SNAr has to be facilitated by means of an auxiliary group (EWG) that must be removed at EOS. However, in order to eliminate this additional step, an interesting alternative is the use of substituted pyridines in which nitrogen atom acts as an electron-withdrawing group (EWG).
In present study, the rate of radiofluorinations in various substituted pyridines was studied. When compared to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde, the labelling yield of 2-nitropyridine (84±3%, 20 min) was almost similar to that of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (83±1%, 20 min) at 140°C. In addition, [18F]-labelling reactions were also carried out in pyridines substituted in ortho position by electron-donating groups such as –CH3 and –OCH3. It was observed that pyridines having –NO2 as a leaving group showed almost 90% RCYs at all temperatures (140°C to 60°C) irrespective of being substituted by –OCH3 or –CH3 groups in ortho position. Energies of activations (Ea) were calculated for the substituted 2-nitropyridines. In case of all compounds, energies of activation were found in the range of 4-25 kJ / mol. Contrary to 2-nitrobezaldehyde (24 kJ / mol) and nitrobenzene (63.5 kJ / mol), Ea for 2-nitropyridine was clearly lower (6.5 kJ / mol).
Another important aspect in [18F]-labelling is the protection of –OH. For this, the hydrolysis of new substituted benzyloxy protected groups for hydroxyl was carried out by acidic as well as catalytic transfer hydrogenation. Time and temperature dependent analysis showed that 2,4-dimethyl benzyl and p-xylyl groups can be easily cleaved at 120°C within 10 min after hydrolysis with 32% HCl by giving almost 80% RCYs. In addition, p-xylyl was hydrolysed under mild conditions with ca 75% of RCY at 70°C at 10 min by using ammonium formate as a hydrogenating reagent.
[18F]-labelling was carried out in order to develope the new precursors for PET-imaging of hypoxia ([18F]FNT) and prostate cancer ([18F]FPy-DUPA-Pep). Hypoxia radiotracer ([18F]FNT) is a new compound that can utilize the amino acid transporter system to enter the hypoxic tissues and hence, its uptake can be expectedly enhanced for PET imaging. At EOS, 40±1% (decay uncorrected) of [18F]FNT was synthesized with radiochemical purity of > 98% within 90 min. For radiosynthesis via SNAr of a PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen) targeting ligand ([18F]Py-DUPA-Pep), the method involves one step radiosynthesis of prosthetic group [(18F)FPy-TFP] itself and one step for coupling with peptide. At the end of synthesis, 48±0.9% (decay uncorrected) of [18F]FPy-DUPA-Pep was synthesised with radiochemical purity of > 98% within 50 min. Hence, an efficient method of radiosynthesis for [18F]FNT and [18F]FPy-DUPA-Pep has been developed. Thus, both of these radiotracers can be used for PET imaging in clinical applications.