Abstract:
High levels of LDL-cholesterol are associated with an increased risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Atorvastatin is a very effective HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor successfully lowering LDL-cholesterol and the risk for cardiovascular events. Statins are tolerated well by the majority of patients but low efficacy and adverse events, like myopathy, rhabdomyolysis, or hepatotoxicity, are well documented. Recent reports point to an involvement of certain metabolites of atorvastatin in the development of myopathy. Atorvastatin-lactone was increased in patients suffering from atorvastatin-induced myopathy.
Therefore this study focused on the identification of genetic variability, which might increase the plasma-level of atorvastatin-lactone. First, this work, via correlation analyses of quantitative protein and mRNA expression data of the candidate genes UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 with lactonization of atorvastatin in human liver microsomes, identified UGT1A3 as the most important enzyme in atorvastatin lactone formation. Additionally, a high population-variability was observed for this activity, as well as, for UGT1A3 expression. Hence, UGT1A3 was genotyped to investigate whether polymorphisms might explain this variability. The common UGT1A3*2 allele was associated with significantly increased mRNA and protein expression of UGT1A3 and increased formation of atorvastatin-lactone. Retrospective genotyping of healthy volunteers having received a single dose of atorvastatin revealed a significantly increased AUC ratio of atorvastatin-lactone to -acid in UGT1A3*2 carriers, which confirmed the in vitro observations of increased lactonization of this genotype.
In the second part, this work concentrated on the reverse process, the hydrolysis of atorvastatin-lactone, which also influences the levels of this metabolite. Quantitative protein and mRNA expression data of two candidates were generated and correlated with the hydrolysis of atorvastatin-lactone. In this way, PON1 and PON3 were identified as the enzymes most probably responsible for the hydrolysis of atorvastatin-lactone. Intensive genotyping within the PON-locus and association studies with the hydrolysis of atorvastatin-lactone were performed. The most common haplotype PON*1 was found to be associated with significantly lower PON1 mRNA and protein expression, as well as, significantly lower hydrolysis of atorvastatin-lactone. PON1 promoter polymorphisms -108 T>C, -832 G>A, -1741 G>A and a tightly linked group of PON3 polymorphisms (-4984 A>G, -4105 G>A, -1091 A>G, -746 C>T and F21; rs13226149) were associated with these changes.
It was analyzed with cooperation partners whether the identified variability in UGT1A3 and the PON-locus, which in vitro significantly changed atorvastatin-lactone levels, also changed the in vivo risk for adverse events or the response to atorvastatin-treatment in a large patient cohort. Samples from 1180 diabetes patients on dialysis from “Die deutsche Diabetes Dialyse Studie”, which had been either treated with atorvastatin or placebo, were retrospectively genotyped for selected marker polymorphisms (UGT1A3, PON-locus, ABCG2, CYP3A4, CYP3A5). None of the analyzed polymorphisms showed significant differences between carriers and non-carriers on the study endpoint or on lipid levels of this patient cohort. An interesting observation was the significantly decreased number of endpoints in UGT1A3*2 homozygotes in the atorvastatin and in the placebo receiving group. This might be explained by high linkage of this variant with UGT1A1*28, resulting in decreased UGT1A1 expression leading to significantly increased plasma levels of the potent antioxidant bilirubin and in this way, possibly, to significantly prolonged survival of this group, as previously described.
In summary, this work characterized genotype-phenotype associations at the UGT1A3 and the PON1/PON3-loci in a large human liver-bank. In vitro, the UGT1A3*2 haplotype and several PON-locus polymorphisms were identified as factors associated with significantly increased levels of atorvastatin-lactone, a metabolite, which has been associated with toxicity. In vivo, the UGT1A3*2 allele was associated with a significantly higher atorvastatin-lactone to -acid AUC in a study with healthy volunteers, but none of the analyzed variants had a significant atorvastatin-dependent effect on survival or lipid levels in a study with diabetes patients on dialysis.