Abstract:
The classical intracellular androgen receptors (iAR) mediate genomic androgen signals, which take at least more than half an hour. However, the rapid or non-genomic action of androgens takes only seconds to few minutes and involves the activation of androgen membrane binding sites. Although the molecular identity of those membrane binding sites remains still unknown, their expression has been reported in many cell types, including various tumor cells. Activation of membrane androgen receptors (mAR) in prostate and breast cancer cells has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, motility and apoptosis. Here we analyzed mAR expression and function in colon cancer. Using fluorescent mAR ligands we showed specific membrane staining in mouse colon tumor tissues and in iAR silenced Caco2 cell lines. Stimulation of colon-mAR by testosterone-albumin-conjugates induced rapid actin and tubulin cytoskeleton reorganization and generated apoptotic responses, even in the presence of anti-androgens. We showed that long-term activation of mAR in Caco2 cell lines down-regulated the activity of PI-3K and Akt and induced de-phosphorylation/activation of the pro-apoptotic Bad. Treatment of APCmin/+ mice significantly decreased the expression of p-AKT and p-Bad levels in tumor tissue. Moreover, mAR activation resulted in a 65% reduction of tumor incidence in chemically induced Balb/c mice colon tumors and an 80% reduction of tumor incidence in APCmin/+ mice colon tumors. Furthermore, mAR activation strongly inhibited Caco2 cell migration. In accordance with this, vinculin, a protein controlling cell adhesion and actin reorganization, was effectively phosphorylated upon mAR activation. Phosphorylation inhibitors genistein and PP2 inhibited actin reorganization and restored motility. Moreover, blocking actin reorganization by cytochalasin B and silencing vinculin by appropriate siRNA’s restored the migration potential. From these results we conclude that mAR activation inhibits the pro-survival signals Akt/Bad in vitro and in vivo, induces potent proapoptoric responses and blocks migration of colon cancer cells via regulation of vinculin signaling and actin reorganization. Our results point to a central role of mAR in the induction of anti-tumor responses in colon cancer.