Abstract:
To investigate the impact of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway on psychiatric diseases, two mouse models with genetic modifications of the PI3K pathway served for behavioral studies.
On the one hand, there is the PDK1-hypomorphic mouse (pdk1hm) that is characterized by a residual activity of the 3-phosphoinositid-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) of only around 10%. A complete knockout of PDK1 is impossible because of embryonic mortality of the offspring. Various different established models used in behavior research of rodents demonstrated that the pdk1hm mouse features anxious behavioral patterns. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of brain structures indicated anxious and depressive characteristics of the pdk1hm mouse. The amygdala, an important organ for the formation of anxiety, exhibited decreased concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), and taurin, as well as elevated levels of noradrenalin (NA). GABA is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter, and anxiety resolving medications, such as benzodiazepines, act as agonists on GABA receptors. Serotonin is an important mediator of fear, as medications used in the treatment of depression have proven: So-called serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin levels and lead to improved symptoms in patients with major depressive disorders. Taurine has anxiety resolving effects, as demonstrated in animal experiments employing injections of taurin. NA is a neurotransmitter of the central nervous system, on which antidepressants act in a like manner, mitigating the symptoms of depressive people via an increase of NA concentration. The olfactory bulb is linked to anxious behavior, too. Its sensory information converges in the amygdala where the influence of PI3K was observed recently. The olfactory bulb showed, as did the amygdala, decreased concentrations of GABA and taurine, and elevated levels of NA.
The study in pdk1hm mice emphasizes the impact of the PI3K pathway in psychiatric diseases. With its characteristic phenotypical and biochemical attributes, the pdk1hm mouse can be used as a model for psychiatric diseases, such as anxiety disorders and depression.
On the other hand, investigations were made in a mouse in which the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was genetically modified so that it was no more inhibitable via protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) and serum- and glucocorticoid-inducable protein kinase (SGK). Thus, GSK-3 is resistant to the inhibitory properties of insulin. The so-called gsk3KI mice demonstrated a hyperactive and audacious behavior in comparion to corresponding wild-type mice in several behavioral settings. The increased activity of gsk3KI mice can be associated with manic episodes in psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. The HPA axis is elevated in depressive patients, whereas gsk3KI mice show a decreased HPA axis, which suggest a phenotype opposite to the depressive pdk1hm mouse. Another characteristic of the gsk3KI mouse is increased food intake, reminiscent of disturbed-eating behavior in patients with bipolar disorder. Different neuroleptics, amongst them clozapine, olanzapine, and lithium, inhibit GSK-3 and thus act on the PI3K pathway. As insulin inhibits GSK-3 via the PI3K pathway, it is not surprising that those medications lead to diabetes as well as metabolic syndrome.
With its action via the PI3K pathway, insulin exerts a determining influence on behavior. When the effect of insulin is attenuated, as expressed in the pdk1hm mouse, anxious and depressive behavior is the consequence. However, when its effect is intensified, as can be seen in the gsk3KI mouse, hyperactivity and increased risk assessment are observed, which can be compared to manic episodes in mentally disordered people.
Consequently, the pdk1hm mouse describes an animal model for anxiety and depression, whereas the gsk3KI mouse represents an animal model for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.