Abstract:
The large-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-dependent K+ (BK) channel plays a pivotal role in the regulation of membrane potential. Its hyperpolarizing K+ outward current antagonizes both membrane depolarization and the subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2+-concentration mediated by voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby controlling smooth muscle contractility. Constitutive deletion of BK channel in mice (BK-/-) resulted in an overactive bladder associated with increased contractility of detrusor muscle and frequent micturition. However, this observed phenotype was more severely pronounced after inducible and smooth muscle-specific deletion of BK channel (SM-BK-/-). Due to this fact, compensatory and functionally active signaling pathways were assumed in BK-/- bladder, leading to a significant reduction in detrusor muscle overactivity. We found increased expression of cAMP-kinase (protein kinase A; PKA) in urinary bladder of BK-/- but not SM-BK-/- mice when compared to their controls. Upregulation of PKA in BK-/- mice was accompanied by enhanced beta-adrenoceptor/cAMP-mediated suppression of detrusor contractions by isoproterenol. This effect was attenuated by about 60-70% in SM-BK-/- mice. By means of Rp-cAMPS, a specific PKA-inhibitor, the enhanced cAMP-signaling in BK-/- detrusor muscle could only partially be blocked, whereas, in relation to overall relaxation, a more pronounced inhibition was observed in wildtype-controls (WT). These results pointed to additional PKA-independent and compensatory active cAMP-effectors in urinary bladder of BK-/- mice. Therefore again, the cyclic nucleotide 8-pCPT-2’-O-Me-cAMP which is a specific activator of cAMP-stimulated Epac, induced stronger suppression of contractions in BK-/- detrusor. Using specific Epac2-antibodies, the upregulation of a potential new Epac2-splicevariant in BK-/- urinary bladder could be identified. Furthermore, proteome analysis of BK-/- bladder tissue revealed additionally regulated proteins for compensatory reduction of the overactive urinary bladder phenotype in BK-/- mice. However, in airway smooth muscle cells, BK channel turned out to be of minor significance with regard to the control of Methacholine-induced decrease in mid-expiratory airflow (MEF50) in vivo. The decline of MEF50-values displayed no difference between SM-BK-/- and control mice despite the lack of “compensatory” changes in protein expression as seen in airway smooth muscle of constitutive BK-/- mice. On the basis of a constitutive as well as inducible BK channel deletion, a number of smooth muscle-specific effects of BK channel and compensatory mechanisms could be identified, contributing essentially to relaxation and reduction of the analyzed phenotype in murine urinary bladder. In conclusion, both BK channel and the observed compensatory mechanisms might represent potential interesting targets for future treatment of overactive urinary bladder.