Abstract:
Silicon carbide (SiC) as both the most important non-oxide ceramic and promising semiconductor material grows stoichiometric SiO2 as its native oxide during hot-gas corrosion (= passive oxidation). During SiC oxidation, there are many influencing parameters, for example, porosity, presence of sintering aids, impurities, crystallographic orientation, subsequent surface treatment, and atmospheric composition. Also, the initially vitreous silica scale undergoes structural transformation during crystallization as disc-like devitrification
areas appear (radialites). These areas show significantly decreased oxidation rates due to decelerated gas diffusion. Impurities, for example, originating from the furnace atmosphere, accumulate over time on the silica scale and lead to a second morphological transition due to a melt-catalyzed recrystallization.
In the end, small crystalline spheres (globulites) appear which are separated by a significant pore volume. The latter acts as pathway for accelerated gas diffusion causing higher oxidation rates. Therefore, the kinetics can be complex.
Nonetheless, a general linear-parabolic time-law can be found for most SiC materials for passive oxidation. The pronounced anisotropy of SiC expresses itself by quite different oxidation rates for the various crystallographic faces that vanish approximately at 1350° - 1400°C. Manifold impact factors are reflected by oxidation rate-constants for silicon carbide that vary over orders of magnitude. The understanding of SiC oxidation and silica formation is still limited; therefore, different oxidation models are presented and evaluated in light of current knowledge.
Silicon carbide sustains chemical and mechanical deterioration during tribological exposure under water lubrication. Hydrothermal treatment alone only leads to active corrosion of SiC while tribochemical wear causes the formation of a thin (tens to hundreds of nanometer) layer composed of nanoscale SiC wear debris embedded in a silica-like matrix (SiOxHy) with possibly some minor oxycarbidic content. The SiC wear particles are plastically deformed and rounded as a result of mechanical tribolapping. Below that layer, subsurface damage builds up in the form of dislocations, ruptures and shear cracks. As a result of plastic deformation (similar to indentation plasticity) SiC single crystals within that transition zone are transformed into mosaic crystals with smaller domains due to slip plane gliding.
A first qualitative wear model combines hydrothermal corrosion with mechanical wear. While mechanical contact yields pathways for water inflow and generally disrupts the structural integrity of SiC grains, hydrothermal reactions of trapped water and subsequent pressure relief leads to a mechanism of dissolution and reprecipitation. The latter produces the observed amount of SiOxHy which acts as an adhesive for the SiC wear debris.
As for analytical methods, tribologically influenced ceramic surfaces are usually only looked at in terms of the wear effects: surface topography, friction coefficient, loss rates. Current efforts go towards a deeper understanding of mechanisms and kinetics. To gain this, the effects of the wear of ceramics on the phases and microstructures have to be analyzed in detail. Because structural changes occur within the uppermost Nm and tribochemical reaction layers are often restricted to the nm-range, appropriate analytical tools have to be used and those come only now available. This study shows how the currently developed techniques of X-ray microdiffraction combined with Raman spectroscopy can resolve many issues. Another recent improvement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on cross sections prepared via the focused ion beam technology (FIB), helps to verify the findings of the former techniques.