Abstract:
The current study aimed to develop and to evaluate a multimodal intervention program for children from 6 to 12 years with maladaptive social behavior. In contrast to current applications in the field, we placed the focus on the intervention itself rather than on specific disorders. That is, the intervention program was intended to help the children with reducing maladaptive social behavior irrespective of the diagnosed disorder, with a focus on systematically developing and reinforcing desirable social behavior.
The concept of the Tübinger Training of Social Competences (TTsK) is based on the Social Information Processing Model of Children’s Social Adjustment (Crick & Dodge, 1994), which provides both the premises for well adapted and the risks for maladapted behavior. The model furthermore offers key information for differential interventions.
The Tübinger Training of Social Competences (TTsK) communicates and practices skills for an adequate perception and evaluation of social situations. Role-playing helps children to probe their behavior in different social situations, to adapt it and to get responses from peers and therapists who evaluate the behavior. The reinforcement of desired behavior by oneself and by others is an important part of this training concept. The setting of individual goals and rules for each child are key aspects of the intervention.
The training involves eight weekly training sessions, each one lasting for about 120 minutes. Additionally, the children get homework assignments and information letters for their parents.
We tested the efficacy of the TTsK with a randomized waiting-list control group design and repeated measurements. The children in the treatment group participated in the training right after the initial assessment (t1). The children in the waiting-list control group started with training just after the experimental group has accomplished the program (t2). All groups took three additional re-testing assessments: (t3) six to eight weeks, (t4) six months, and (t5) one year after completing the training.
A total of 50 children with maladaptive social behavior participated in this study. From this group, 49 children were included in the analysis (34 belonging to the experimental group and 15 belonging to the control group).
Training evaluation results based on the parents’, children’ and teachers’ opinions showed a significant contribution of the training to an amelioration of the children’s social problems.
Short term training effects with respect to children’ and parents’ evaluation pointed to a decrease of problematic behavior and an increase in pro-social behavior. However, we found immediate effects of enhanced pro-social behavior only for the parent’s survey while the children’s survey indicated a trend for decreased problematic behavior.
Long-term training effects based on the teachers’ and parents’ evaluation showed a stable change for the desired social behavior. This is also supported by the decrease of negative stress processing, based on the results of the self-evaluation.
We could not detect any age and sex-related effects. Therefore, we assume that training efficacy is the same for boys and girls in the age between 6 to 12 years.
Notably, the direct evaluation conducted by the evaluators revealed that children reported positive effects already after the end of the training, whereas the parents and teachers generally noticed positively changed behavior only later in time.
Apart from the training, we found that parents and teachers perceive the children’s maladapted behavior stronger than the children themselves, and that teachers express more critical accounts with respect to the children’s pro-social behavior than the parents.
Based on the current results there may be several considerations for future research. First, the number of subjects should be increased, holding the same number of subjects in the experimental and in the control group. This would allow for creating subgroups with high and low burdened children and a more profound analysis of the influence of age, sex and respective disorder. In addition, further information about the effects of the training under different conditions and the combination of different interventions could be obtained. This would yield more information about the contribution of different training modules. Finally, the implementation of more objective observational methods is useful for validation of the results obtained far.