Abstract:
The aim of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of immune therapies on angiogenesis in two different diseases, tumours and psoriasis.
The objectives in the tumour project were to establish a protective, tumour-antigen specific T helper (Th)-1 cell therapy and investigate the underlying cytokine-mediated, antiangiogenic mechanism, and the possible involvement of the host environment. Therefore, we generated non-transgenic epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-reactive Th1 cells in vivo, expanded, and characterised them in vitro. We confirmed their therapeutical efficiency in a subcutaneous tumour model using EpCAM transfected CT26 carcinoma cells and reached up to 84% reduction of tumour weight by day 18 after tumour cell injection. We found significant changes in the expression patterns of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12/p35, IL-23/p19, IL-27/Ebi3, IL-6, and IL-17, peaking at the initiation of tumour growth inhibition on day 13 after tumour cell injection. Accordingly, electron microscopy of tumours revealed endothelial cell death and vessel obliteration suggesting that tumour vessels in Th1 cell treated mice were severly impaired. Moreover, enhanced diapedesis was observed as sign of inflammation. FACS analysis of cells infiltrating the tumour suggests that CD4+ and CD11b+ cells are involved in mediating the therapeutic effects.
The aim of the second project was to investigate the effects of dimetylfumarate (DMF), an antipsoriatic compound, on angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and identify possible underlying signal transduction pathways. We found that DMF influenced the intracellular redox system by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Increases in ROS resulted in the inhibition of endothelial cell (EC) function. In vitro, we found that DMF significantly reduced endothelial cell growth supplement/ vascular endothelial growth factor (ECGS/VEGF) induced proliferation, migration, and sprout formation of EC in a dose dependent manner without significantly increasing EC apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. The application of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine or glutathione together with DMF completely restored EC proliferation and sprouting after DMF treatment, showing that ROS were central mediators of DMF induced antiangiogenesis. Furthermore, analysing underlying signal transduction pathways in vitro, we were unable to show significant effects on mTOR, ERK1/2, and p38 phosphorylation. In vivo, DMF significantly reduced neovascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane assay, directly proving the in vivo relevance of the in vitro findings.