Abstract:
Abstract
Chlorinated organic compounds and ether compounds are frequently found in groundwater and efficient treatment options are needed. In this study, the efficient transferal of the compounds from the water phase to the gas phase was studied followed by the catalytic treatment of the gas phase.
For the removal of the organic contaminants from water, a microporous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane (HFM) module was operated under low strip gas flow to water flow ratios (_< 5:1). Removal efficiencies were found to be strongly dependent on the Henry’s law constants indicating a substantial mass transfer resistance on the gas side. Vacuum can be either used to increase removal efficiencies, or to decrease the amount of strip gas that has to be treated without sacrificing efficiency. Empirical formulations based on the resistance in series model failed to predict the experimental results. Therefore, a hybrid numerical/analytical modelling approach in the finite element simulator RockFlow/GeoSys for hydraulic flow and mass transport was developed. The modelling results were validated against 177 experimental data under different operating conditions (water flow, gas flow, pressure) and 12 organic compounds covering a wide range of Henry’s law constants, from Naphthalene at circa 0.017 to 1,1-Dichloroethene at circa 1.19. The combination of analytical solutions and the finite element numerical solution coupled over source terms provided a rapid and efficient solution of the mass balance equations and predicted the experimental results very well. Geometrical considerations, the diffusion coefficients in the various media, and the flow conditions, are enough to describe the operation of the HFM module and the principle processes operating. With this, the model can be used to efficiently design HFM filtration systems and to optimize stripping schemes.
After transferral of the organic compounds from water to the gas-phase, their reductive catalytic destruction under elevated temperatures using a palladium based catalyst with hydrogen as the reductant was studied. Compounds studied included chlorinated alkenes and alkanes (perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (cis-1,2-DCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), 1,1,2,2-tetrachlrooethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA)), ethyl chloride, as well as several ether compunds (methyl tert butyl ether (MTBE), ethyl tert butyl ether (ETBE), tert amyl ethyl ether (TAME), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), diethyl ether (DEE), dimethyl ether (DME)). The study demonstrated that the catalyst rapidly destroyed the gas phase chlorinated compounds as well as the ether compounds efficiently, with half-lives on the order of seconds or less. Reaction kinetics were pseudo first order with respect to the concentration of the compounds and reaction rates were found to be temperature dependent. Therefore, the Arrhenius equation was applied to determine the activation energies of the reactions. Hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation were the main observed reaction pathways for the chlorinated aliphatic compounds and chlorinated ethenes reacted much faster than the chlorinated ethanes. For the study with chlorinated aliphatic compounds, the reaction rate decreased towards 1,1-DCE > cis-1,2-DCE > TCE > PCE > 1,1,2,2-TeCA > 1,2-DCA > ethyl chloride. Ethane and ethene were the primary end products. Partially dechlorinated intermediates were observed in low concentrations during degradation, however, they were transitory. The reaction rates for the ether compounds decreased towards TAME > ETBE > MTBE > DIPE > DEE > DME. The primary reaction products for MTBE are isobutane and methanol, for ETBE isobutane and ethanol, for TAME isopentane and methanol, for DIPE propane and 2-propanol, for DEE ethane and ethanol, for DME methane and methanol. In addition, the catalytic oxidation of gas phase selected ether compounds (MTBE, ETBE, TAME and DIPE) at different temperatures was studied. Reaction rates were also pseudo-first order with carbondioxide and water as the main products.