Abstract:
The individual virtual eye is a computer model of a human eye with respect to the optical properties. Established schematic eyes, as Gullstrand’s model eye, are intended to represent properties of an average eye based on averaged population measurements. In contrast, the individual virtual eye is based on measurements of an individual person. Therefore the geometry of the eye is important, including axial length and topographic measurements of the anterior corneal surface. All optical components of a pseudophakic eye – an eye with an artificial lens – are modeled by means of computer scientific methods. A spline-based interpolation method was developed to efficiently include data from corneal topographic measurements. Based on this virtual eye the geometrical optical properties, such as the wavefront aberration, can be simulated by using Snell’s law of refraction and the method called real ray tracing. Moreover, optical components can be calculated using computer scientific optimization procedures. High value was set on the efficient implementation of the time-critical numerical ray-tracing and optimization procedures to allow for short calculation times in the range of seconds. This leads to clinical application fields in ophthalmology that have been addressed in this thesis. One application is intraocular lens calculation for cataract surgery, with the potential to overcome limitations of current calculation methods like lens calculation after refractive surgery. Also customized aspherical lenses were calculated what shows the capability of the methods to deal with advanced lens geometry. Clinically important issues as the optical effects of intraocular lens dislocation have been investigated. Furthermore, this computer model has been used to assess ablation profiles used in current refractive corneal laser surgery. One possible future enhancement of the model is the simulation of phakic eyes by incorporating a correct model of the human crystalline lens. And, so far, the individual virtual eye focused on geometrical optical properties, but may serve as a basis for including physiological properties of the retina and brain in future.
Errata
(last revised August 4, 2009)
* Section 2.1, page 11, line 3 f.: Change Zernike specifications to "Z(0,0) is known as [...]" and "Z(1,-1) and Z(1,1) are known as [...]".
* Section 2.2, page 18, line 8 ff.: Shorten sentence to "Figure 2-12 gives an overview of different values of the asphericity Q and the corresponding shapes.".
* Section 4.4, page 52, line 19 ff.: Change text to "However, according to Applegate et al. [...] as well as high and low contrast visual acuity [...]".
* Section 5.2, page 76, Figure 5-16: The numbers of the "Theoretical" bars are wrongly specified with comma instead of decimal points; change numbers to "0.04", "0.06", "0.20" and "0.32".
* Section 5.2, page 77, line 18 ff.: At the end of the sentence "When interpreting the diagrams [...]", in the formula for "SA RMS", exchange the multiplication symbol "·" with a plus symbol "+".
* Section 5.2, page 81, Table 5-6: The assignment of the anterior and posterior surface in the header of the table is wrong. Correct is that the label "Anterior Surface" combines the 3rd and 4th column "Rflat" and "Rsteep" while the label "Posterior Surface" only refers to the 5th column "Q".
* Section 5.2, page 92, line 24: Remove the citation of "Bellucci, Morselli et al. 2004" (this paper does not investigate contrast sensitivity).
* Section 5.2, page 92, line 29: Change author to "Caporossi et al. found a benefit [...]".
* Section 5.2, page 92, line 32: Change author to "Tzelikis et al. recently reported [...]".
* Section 5.3, page 103 f., Figures 5-30/5-31/5-32: Change legend of the x-axes of all diagrams from "Diameter [mm]" to "Distance from optical axis [mm]".
* Section 5.3, page 105, Figure 5-33: Change figure legends to "pre-op measured", "post-op simulated (HBF)", "post-op simulated (VBF)" and "post-op measured" (in this order from left to right).
* Section 5.3, page 105, line 21: Change text to "For 6 mm SA is decreased with homogeneous beam fluence [...]".
* Section 5.3, page 106 f., Figures 5-34/5-35/5-37: Change "preop" to "pre-op" and "postop" to "post-op" where applicable.
* References, page 120, number 115: Extend reference to "Hoffer, K. J. (1993). The Hoffer Q formula: a comparison of theoretic and regression formulas. J Cataract Refract Surg 19(6): 700-12; Erratum (1994) 20(6): 677.".
* Acknowledgements, page 137, line 8: Change name to "Dr. Katrin Petermeier".