Abstract:
The (storage) stability exclusively with ethyl cellulose (EC)-stabilized, flowable water-in-oil-(W/O)-emulsions with octyl dodecanol as the oil phase is not sufficient for practical use. The aim of this study is - based on a systematic characterization - an optimization of the interfacial stabilization, exclusively with ethyl cellulose stabilized, flowable W/O-emulsions.
With the help of measurements of the dynamic interfacial tension and interfacial rheology (dilatational and shear rheology), dependent upon the concentration of the ethyl cellulose and the temperature, the principle suitability of the lipophilic cellulose-ether for the stabilization of W/O-emulsions can be confirmed. The interfacial behavior of ethyl cellulose is very complex and differs greatly from the adsorption behavior of hypromellose (Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, HPMC) at the O/W-interface: thus ethyl cellulose shows significantly longer induction times than HPMC in the same concentration. Furthermore, the lipophilic cellulose ether decreases the interfacial tension at room temperature noticeably more than the hydrophilic representative of this substance group. Thereby, with EC, the same equilibrium-values of the interfacial tension will always be attained, independent of the polymer concentration. Upon raising the temperature to 40 °C and 60 °C ethyl cellulose displays temperature-dependent, very complex solubility behavior. Higher equilibrium interfacial tensions result from this. HPMC and proteins, in contrast, show lower values when heated.
The stability of the ethyl cellulose interfacial film is equally low. Through a combination of EC and HPMC, the stability of the films can be minimally improved.
The flowable ethyl cellulose-stabilized W/O-emulsions (standard composition with 2 % EC, 38 % water phase and 60 % oil phase) are macroscopically stable for storage for over at least 16 months. Macroscopically and rheologically, no signs of instability arose.
During storage, a significant coalescence of the dispersed water drops occurred on all of the examined emulsions. The systems partially show behavior typical for Pickering-emulsions. The interfacial films of the preparations often exhibit marginal toughness and insufficient stability. The drops burst due to increased capillary pressure, such as occurs when the samples are placed between slide and cover glass for the microscopic analysis. An examination of these specimens is therefore not possible. This occurrence of instability appears however only upon the microscopic-optical study of the drop-size distribution.
The manufacturing method as well as different process parameters have little or no influence on the (storage) stability of the W/O-emulsions. Through a preparation of the emulsions by means of a direct steam-injection technology, the stability of the systems can slightly be improved in comparison to conventional production with a standard mixer.
By raising the polymer concentration, a decrease in the coalescence rate and thus an improvement of the stability of the preparations is possible, independent of the composition process. The general stability of the emulsions is however marginal and not sufficient for practical use.
By supplementing with different lipids often used in cosmetics with different physical and chemical properties, the stability of the ethyl cellulose-stabilized emulsions cannot be improved. The addition of low-molecular, lipophilic and hydrophilic substances that are typically used as a softener for ethyl cellulose-films to the oil phase also causes no improvement of the stability in comparison to a standard composition without an additive.
The homogenous incorporation of HPMC and KCl in the inner phase of the W/O-emulsion is not possible during the composition with the help of a direct steam-injection technology. Only with fluorescein-natrium is this achieved in sufficient amounts.
With the help of the examination of the interfacial stabilization of ethyl cellulose, a continuing examination of the very complex adsorption behavior of the cellulose-ether on the octyl dodecanol/water-interface was successful. These results demonstrate that EC as the sole emulsifier for W/O-emulsions does not represent a forward-looking concept. In comparison to other stabilizers, no advantages regarding the physical stability of the systems were recognized. The combination of polymer stabilization and polymer precipitation at the interface, that is a stabilization in the sense of a solid-stabilization, is insufficiently controllable. The toughness and stability of the resulting ethyl cellulose-interfacial films are too fragile for practical use.