Abstract:
Current studies provide evidence for the involvement of a central nervous component in the development and maintenance of the complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Knowledge of this CNS participation supports the administration of centrally acting medications for the treatment of CRPS. It is known from animal studies that in the framework of neuropathic pain disorders, the development of a tolerance under opioid therapy can be prevented by the concurrent administration of an NMDA antagonist. The objective of this study was to clarify the issue of an overadditive analgesic effect of the combination medication of the NMDA antagonist memantine with morphine in CRPS.
In this context a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study was conducted on patients suffering from CRPS of the upper extremities. The verum group was treated for 8 weeks with a combination of memantine and morphine, whereas the placebo group received morphine and a placebo preparation. In order to record the analgesic action, the patients were queried daily about their pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS, 0 = no pain, 10 = maximum pain). In the process, resting and movement pain were differentiated. Furthermore, the imaging (magnetoencephalography, functional nuclear resonance tomography) and psychometric (DI, ADS-K, SF-36, FSS, TSK) procedures were used to evaluate the treatment objective — analgesia.
The combination of memantine and morphine achieved a significant pain relief at rest and during movement, whereas no significant pain reduction could be observed with the administration of only morphine. Furthermore, in the verum group, in contrast to the placebo group, a treatment-induced significant cortical reorganisation in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) of the affected extremity could be confirmed. Similarly, a therapy-induce positive correlation (r = 0.56) between the reduction in the cortical reorganisation in SI and the pain reduction was observed. In addition, after treatment with memantine and morphine, a significant reduction in the BOLD activity in the left SI (contralateral), in the left frontal superior medial cortex and in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was established. In the placebo group no significant treatment-induced change in the cortical organisation of somatosensory and pain-associated brain areas was ascertained. Additional, there was a therapy-induced significant correlation between the resting pain and pain-associated cortical areas as well as between movement pain and the cortical areas associated with pain. Moreover, the results of the psychological pain diagnostics exhibited a significant reduction in the subjective impairment in the verum group compared to the placebo group, in which no significant improvement resulted.
These results indicate a very promising approach in the therapy of CRPS pain by means of the combination medication consisting of morphine with the NMDA antagonist memantine.