Abstract:
Fumigaclavines A, B and C are ergot alkaloids of the clavine type and are produced by species of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Recent studies have shown that fumigaclavine C can improve experimentally induced liver injury and colitis in mice and has vasorelaxant properties. Fumigaclavines have structural features similar to lysergic and dihydro-lysergic acid, the acidic components of the pharmaceutically important ergot alkaloids from Claviceps purpurea and their semisynthetic derivatives. In addition to their similar structures both substances share a common biogenetic origin, therefore the molecular and biochemical investigations on the biosynthesis of the fumigaclavines are also important for the understanding of the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids from C. purpurea.
A putative biosynthetic gene cluster of fumigaclavine C has been identified in the genomic sequence of Aspergillus fumigatus AF 293. The putative gene cluster spans 22 kb and comprises 11 ORFs. Sequence analysis and comparison of the genes from the cluster with data base entries permitted the postulation of a hypothetical biosynthetic pathway for fumigaclavine C.
Experimental evidence for the identity of the fumigaclavine C cluster from A. fumigatus was provided by heterologous overexpression of the two prenyltransferase genes fgaPT1 (=Afu2g17990) and fgaPT2 (=Afu2g18040) in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively, and biochemical characterisation of the gene products. FgaPT2 catalyzes the prenylation of L-tryptophan to give dimethylallyltryptophan and thereby the first step of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis. FgaPT1 catalyzes the last step of fumigaclavine C biosynthesis, the reverse prenylation of fumigaclavin A at position 2 of the indole ring. Both FgaPT1 and FgaPT2 use dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as prenyl donor. The enzymes were overproduced as His-tag proteins and purified to near homogeneity with Ni-NTA-affinity chromatography. The enzymatic products were isolated by HPLC and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic methods (NMR and MS). The biochemical properties, the kinetic parameters and the dependence of the activity on metal ions of both enzymes were investigated.
FgaPT2 and FgaPT1 are 52.5 kDa and 50.2 kDa proteins, respectively, and are active as homodimers. For FgaPT2 Km-values were determined with 8 µM for L-tryptophan and 4 µM for DMAPP. Km-values for FgaPT1 were determined as 6 µM for fumigaclavine A and 13 µM for DMAPP. Both enzymes, together with dimethylallyltryptophan synthases from other fungi and FtmPT1 from the biosynthetic gene cluster of fumitremorgins from A. fumigatus, have been shown to belong to a new group of prenyltransferases, which exist as soluble enzymes, are independent in their activity from divalent metal ions, and prenylate aromatic substrates.
The dimethylallyltransferase FgaPT2 from A. fumigatus was crystallized with and without its substrates L-tryptophan and DMAPP. X-ray diffraction patterns could be obtained from the crystals, from which the structure of FgaPT2 might be deduced in the future, thereby providing an important contribution to the understanding of the structure and function of fungal prenyltransferases, for which no crystal structure has been reported yet.
A putative biosynthetic gene cluster of fumigaclavine A was also cloned from Penicillium commune. The cluster was identified through the screening of a cosmid library with homologous PCR-primers for a DMATS gene fragment. The homologous primers were designed after the sequencing of a fragment amplified with degenerate primers for DMATS-genes. A comparison of the cluster from P. commune with those of C. purpurea and A. fumigatus showed, that the structural differences of the ergot alkaloids produced by the three species are reflected in the organisation of their clusters. P. commune represents a non-pathogenic fumigaclavine producer for further investigation of ergot alkaloids. By comparison of the three clusters, new hypotheses about the ergot alkaloid biosynthesis and the roles of the responsible enzymes could be deduced for all three fungi.