Abstract:
The role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat was examined in different models of learning and memory using selective antagonists. The advantage of the used animal models is the formation of a stable, strong fear memories after short time of training. Moreover, these models provide the possibility to investigate different stages of memory formation like acquisition, consolidation and expression. All paradigms are based on aversive conditioning, while they vary in the contribution of different brain structures and different expression of behavioural responses. The mGluR1 antagonist EMQMCM, the mGluR5 antagonist MTEP, as well as (+)MK-801, an NMDA receptor antagonist reduced acquisition in both context-dependent tasks passive avoidance and contextual fear conditioning, while none of the substances had an influence on auditory fear conditioning. Conditioned fear responses in the latter model were only reduced by scopolamine. In contrast, MTEP and (+)MK-801 reduced acquisition of fear conditioning in FPS. These findings suggest, that the glutamatergic system may not be involved in acquisition of auditory fear conditioning. Interestingly, an involvement of mGlur1 in acquisition in FPS could not be demonstrated, which may be due to a different receptor contribution in learning of FPS.
For the first time, the present study showed that a combined activation of mGluR1 and mGluR5, as well as NMDAR and mGlur1 and NMDAR and mGluR5 is necessary for the acquisition of hippocampal dependent PA. However, this was not observed in acquisition in FPS, which is independent from the hippocampus.
Another difference of mGluR1 and mGluR5 was observed in expression in PA. While MTEP had no effect, EMQMCM blocked expression of PA when given before retrieval. In contrast, expression in AFC was impaired by MTEP, while EMQMCM had no effect. Expression of contextual fear conditioning has been shown to be dependent on both mGluR1 and mGluR5.
In summary, the glutamatergic system may not be involved in all forms of learning and memory in the rat. With respect to mGluR group I, a different involvement of the receptor subtypes could be shown in acquisition in FPS and expression in PA and AFC. In contrast, acquisition in context-dependent tasks like PA and CFC may be dependent on the activation of NMDARs and group I mGluRs.