Abstract:
In this thesis we study the Yang-Mills vacuum structure by using the functional Schrödinger picture in Coulomb gauge. In particular we discuss the scenario of colour confinement, which was originally formulated by Gribov. The understanding of the low energy sector of QCD is one of the most challenging problems in quantum field theory and requires a nonperturbative treatment. Among the different mechanism to explain colour confinement, the Gribov scenario gained increasing interest in the recent years. This formalism is based on QCD in Coulomb gauge and allows a direct access to the non-Abelian Coulomb potential between static colour charges.
After a short introduction, we recall some basic aspects of Yang-Mills theories, its canonical quantization in the Weyl gauge and the functional Schrödinger picture. We then consider the minimal Coulomb gauge and the Gribov problem of the gauge theory. The gauge fixing of the Coulomb gauge is done by using the Faddeev-Popov method, which enables the resolution of the Gauss law - the constraint on physical states.
In the third chapter, we will variationally solve the stationary Yang-Mills Schrödinger equation in Coulomb gauge for the vacuum state. Therefor we use a vacuum wave functional, which is strongly peaked at the Gribov horizon. The vacuum energy functional is calculated and minimized resulting in a set of coupled Schwinger-Dyson equations for the gluon energy, the ghost and Coulomb form factors and the curvature in gauge orbit space. Using the angular approximation these integral equations have been solved analytically in both the infrared and the ultraviolet regime. In the latter case, we have found the familiar perturbative asymptotic behaviours. In the infrared the gluon energy diverges indicating the absence of free gluons at low energies, which is a manifestation of confinement. The ghost form factor is infrared diverging and gives rise to a linear rising static quark potential. The asymptotic analytic solutions in the infrared and ultraviolet regime are reasonably well reproduced by the full numerical solutions of the coupled Schwinger-Dyson equations. Our investigations show that the inclusion of the curvature, i.e. the proper metric of the orbit space, given by the Faddeev-Popov determinant, is crucial in order to obtain the confining properties of the theory. When the curvature in D=3+1 dimensions is discarded free gluons exist in the infrared and the static quark potential is no longer confining. In D=2+1 dimensions we can prove that there is no consistent solution of the integral equations if we neglect the curvature in orbit space.
In the fourth chapter, we investigate the dependence of the Yang-Mills wave functional in Coulomb gauge on the Faddeev-Popov determinant. We use a Gaussian wave functional multiplied by an arbitrary power of the Faddeev-Popov determinant. We show that within the resumation of one-loop diagrams the stationary vacuum energy is independent of the power of the Faddeev-Popov determinant. Furthermore, the wave functional becomes field-independent in the infrared describing a stochastic vacuum, in which the colour cannot propagate over
large distances. The infrared limit of the wave functional becomes exact in D=1+1 dimensions. Our investigations show that the infrared limit is rather robust concerning details of the variational ansätze for the Yang-Mills wave functional. The infrared limit is exclusively determined by the divergence of the Faddeev-Popov determinant at the Gribov horizon.