Abstract:
The purpose of this thesis was to study the structure and properties of the metal - containing proteins, hemocyanins and superoxide dismutase. Both proteins contain copper ions in their active site and are useful in immunotherapy of various diseases.
1. The oligomeric stability of gastropodan hemocyanins Rapana venosa (RvH) and Helix vulgaris and their structural subunits RvH1 and RvH2 has been investigated. The reassociation of these two RvH isoforms and the native molecule was characterized in buffers with different pH values and concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ chloride. Mixed RvH subunits reassociate into didecamers and multidecamers over a period of 2 days of dialysis using a stabilizing buffer (SB).
RvH1 and RvH2 are biochemically and immunologically different and have also different dissociation properties. The reassociation, performed at pH 9.6 with 2 mM CaCl2 and MgCl2 over a period of several weeks, led to the formation of decameric oligomers, while didecamers formed predominately in the stabilizing buffer (SB) at pH 7.0. Higher concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions led to a more rapid reassociation of RvH1 resulting in long stable multidecamers and helical tubules. The reassociation of the RvH2 structural subunit in the same buffers processed slowly and yielded didecamers, shorter tubule polymers and long multidecamers which are less stable at higher pH values.
2. Using Zn2+ ions as new method, several FUs have been isolated from molluscan Hc Rapana venosa without formation of non-functional proteolytic side products. N-terminal sequences of these fragments in comparison with FUs from other gastropodan Hcs show a very high degree of structural identity. Only four FUs, purified from enzyme-treated structural subunits RvH1 and RvH2 show identical N-terminal sequences compared to fragments isolated after treatment with Zn2+ ions.
3. Two isoforms alpha-hemocyanin and beta-hemocyanin of the garden snail Helix vulgaris have been isolated from the hemocyanin which do not reassociate completely in 50 mM CaCl2 and MgCl2 buffer, pH 7.0
4. It is generally accepted that the sugar constituents of the hemocyanin are likely to be implicated in their antigenicity. Carbohydrate moieties of molluscan Rapana venosa and arthropodan Carcinus aestuarii hemocyanins have been determined using several techniques: capillary electrophoresis, MALDI-MS, ESI-MS in combination with glycosidase digestions. Oligosaccharide composition of two FUs from the first structural subunit of Rapana venosa Hc, RvH1-a and RvH1-f, have been analysed.
5. The native subunit CaSS2 of crab Carcinus aestuarii is a polypeptide of 650 amino acid residues with a molecular weight determined to be 75036 Da which agrees with the SDS-PAGE results. The primary structure of CaeSS2 shows a high degree of sequence similarity with the other crustacean hemocyanins and seems to be more homologous with Cancer magister subunit 6 (73%).
10 Trp and 28 Tyr residues were identified in CaeSS2 and classified into three classes with fluorescence lifetimes around 0.11-0.15, 0.33 and 3.1-3.5 ns, respectively.
6. The conformation stability of arthropodan Hc Limulus polyphemus has been studied by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. The conformational stabilities of the native dodecameric aggregates and their five isolated structural subunits towards various denaturants (pH and guanidine hydrochloride) indicate that the quaternary structure is stabilized by hydrophilic and polar forces, whereby both, the oxy- and apo-forms of the proteins are considered. Gnd.HCl-induced equilibrium denaturation of Hcs yielded a structural, partially unfolded state and a rapid conformational transition.
7. The primary structure of glycosylated Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase from the fungal strain Humicola lutea was determined by Edman degradation. A single chain of the protein, consisting of 152 amino acid residues, reveals a very high degree (74–85%) of structural homology in comparison to the amino acid sequences of other fungal Cu/Zn-SODs. The difference of the molecular masses of H. lutea Cu/Zn-SOD, measured by MALDI-MS (15,935 Da) and calculated by its amino acid sequence (15,716 Da), is attributed to the carbohydrate chain of one mole of N-acetylglucosamine, attached to the N-glycosylation site Asn23-Glu-Ser.
HL-SOD protected mice from mortality after experimental influenza A/Aichi/2/68 virus infection. Using the glycosylated HL-SOD, the survival rate is increased by 66% (protective index = 86.1%) and the survival time prolonged by 5 days, similar to the application of ribavarin, while non-glycosylated bovine SOD conferred lower protection.
The results of this thesis are a further contribution to the structure, function and phylogenetic evolution of two clones of copper-containing proteins, the hemocyanins and superoxide dismutases.