Abstract:
In brain, reduced glutathione (GSH) is an important scavenger of reactive oxygen species and protects the organ against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is discussed as symptom or cause of neurodegenerative diseases.
In this thesis the metabolism of extracellular GSH and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was investigated. For this purpose occurance and modulation of the extracellular GSH-degrading enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT) as well as the fate of extracellular GSSG was investigated.
GammaGT was detectable in cultured astrocytes, neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes with the highest specific activity found in astrocytes. In the presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) specific activity of gammaGT in astroglial cultures increased 4,5-fold within 72 h. GammaGT activity increased with increasing concentrations of TNFalpha. Acivicin, a gammaGT inhibitor, and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, inhibited the TNFalpha-dependet increase in gammaGT activity. Thus, TNFalpha-induced increase of specific gammaGT activity in astroglial cultures was dependent on a de-novo-synthesis of the enzyme. Physiological substrate of gammaGT is extracellular GSH. The TNFalpha-dependent increase in gammaGT activity resulted in a significant higher degradation of GSH than in controls incubated in the absence of TNFalpha. Incubation of astroglial cultures in the presence of lipopolysaccharides and interferon gamma or the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside also resulted in an increase in specific gammaGT activiy. In addition, an increase in specific gammaGT activity as well as an increased iron content in cells was observed after incubation of astroglial cultures in the presence of ammonium iron(III) citrate. After overexpression of gammaGT in different neural celltypes via adenoviral gene transfer a 1000-2500fold increase in gammaGT activity was detected. About 20 % of the cells were transfected. In cells overexpressing gammaGT the intracellular GSH-content was reduced compared to controls.
Extracellular GSSG disappeared in astroglial cutlures, lysates of astroglial cultures or lysate supernatants in the presence of cystine. The turnover of GSSG was dependent on the amount of lysate applied, the substrate concentration and the pH-value of the applied buffer. In intact cell cultures turnover of GSSG was specific for the substrate L-cystine. In lysate supernatant GSSG was also metabolized in the presence of D-cystine, (CysGly)2 and (GlyCys)2. GSSG-turnover was inhibited in intact cells by 5,5'-dithio-bis(nitrobenzoic acid), iodoacetamide and CuSO4, in lysate supernatant also by bacitracin. Mass spectrometric analyses of GSSG-turnover in lysate supernatant showed a strong peak at 428,1 m/z compared to controls. The intensity of the substrate peaks of GSSG and cystine was decreased compared to controls. After fragmentation the molecule ion with 428,1 m/z was identified as a mixed disulfide of GSH and cysteine. The stoichiometry of the reaction of one molecule GSSG and cystine each to form two molecules of mixed disulfide was confirmed by the signal intensities of mass spectrometric analyses.