Abstract:
Down to the present day, the phenomenon of color confinement represents
still a challenging problem of quantum chromodynamics. In the pure
gluonic sector of QCD, the center vortex confinement mechanism describes a
possible explanation of color confinement. In the present thesis, we
concentrate our investigations on the relevance of center vortices
for the infra-red physics of pure SU(2) Yang-Mills theory by means of
Monte-Carlo simulations of SU(2) lattice gauge field theory.
At the beginning, we give a short review of lattice gauge field theory
and of the numerical algorithms needed for our Monte-Carlo
simulations. Subsequently, we introduce the center vortex mechanism of
color confinement and we explain the confinement-deconfinement phase
transition of pure Yang-Mills theory by the percolation-depercolation phase
transition of center vortices.
By a comparison of the spatial string tension of the three-dimensional
pure Yang-Mills theory as well as three-dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory
coupled to adjoint Higgs fields with the value of the string tension
obtained from the pure center vortex content, we show that the spatial
string tension is center dominated. Furthermore, we find a vortex area
density being in accordance with the vortex area density of the
four-dimensional theory. Both findings support the center vortex
picture of the high temperature phase of four-dimensional Yang Mills theory.
Afterwards, we investigate the relevance of center vortices for the behavior
of Green's functions, i.e. the gluon and ghost form factors, in the
infra-red region and their importance for color confinement. By using
novel numerical algorithms, we measure directly the form factors giving the
deviation of the propagators from the free ones. The calculations of the
form factors were performed in Landau gauge. The information of
color confinement encoded in the form factors is extracted by removing the
center vortices from the ensemble of link variables by hand. This
results in a non-confining model.
In the full, confining theory the gluon form factor has a rather pronounced
peak in the medium momentum range, while at high momenta the result obtained
by perturbative Yang-Mills theory is reproduced. Close to zero momentum
transfer, the gluon form factor is mass dominated. Considering the
non-confining model, the gluon form factor looses a good part of strength
in the medium momentum range showing a clear deviation form the gluon form
factor of the confining theory. Furthermore, we find a divergent ghost form
factor in the infra-red region. Our result is in accordance with the
Gribov-Zwanziger criterion for color confinement which directly relates the
divergence of the ghost form factor at the Gribov horizon to color
confinement. If we consider the non-confining model, the ghost form factor
ceases to diverge in the infra-red limit. Hence, the signals of confinement
encoded in the ghost form factor are lost when the center vortex content of
the theory is eliminated.
Using the fact that the running coupling constant can be obtained directly
from the gluon and ghost form factors, we show its dependence on the center
vortex content in the infra-red limit. The running coupling constants of
the full theory and of the non-confining model reproduce nicely the
perturbative running coupling constant in the region where perturbation
theory holds. In the region of medium momenta, the strength of the running
coupling of the non-confining model is strongly suppressed and seems
to vanish in the infra-red limit, whereas the running coupling of the
full theory increases and seems to reach a non-zero constant in the
infra-red limit.
Subsequently, we compare our measured data with the results obtained by the
Dyson-Schwinger approach. Both findings are in good agreement on a
qualitative level. The form factors are also computed at finite
temperatures. Our results at high temperatures agree with a
non-vanishing spatial string tension. Finally, we consider the
influence of Gribov copies on the form factors in Landau gauge. On a
qualitative level, the form factors are stable against Gribov noise.
In conclusion, we have shown the relevance of center vortices for the
infra-red behavior of Green's functions of pure Yang-Mills theory and for
color confinement. Our results establish a connection between the center
vortex mechanism of confinement and the Gribov-Zwanziger confinement
criterion.