Abstract:
By combination, comparison, and cross-validation of fossil, morphological, and genetical data an effort is undertaken to reveal a deep insight into intrageneric evolution in the arborescent plant genera Acer (maple) and Fagus (beech). The discriminative levels of morphological intrageneric diversity and differentiation within these two model genera (genus Acer: ~ 120 species; genus Fagus: ~ 10 species) is correlated to the detectable genetical divergence and variability, as it is exemplary exhibited in the nucleotide composition of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (Acer: variable, and well differentiated; Fagus: conserved and exhibiting a high level of ambiguity). The introduction of new methodologies allows further to infer not only a 'naked' phylogeny for the analysed genera, but to trace and reconstruct the according pathways of molecular evolution and morphological diversification through space and time. Newly introduced methodologies include a protocol for an optimised alignment, the coding of intraspecific nucleotide site variabilities as phylogenetic signals, visual approaches to recognise and evaluate oligonucleotide motives in length polymorphic regions, and mapping strategies to correlate different data sets and hypotheses. Thus, with special respect to evidence from the fossil record, the mode and speed of evolutionary processes on a intrageneric level is qualitatively deduced for the model genera Acer and Fagus. The assembled data and conclusions from the analyses are, hence, utilised to draw a first comprehensive image of the processes that might have been the root and trigger for the current systematic setting and biodiversity, as it is exhibited by the number of accepted species, the particular intertaxonomic relationships, and the significance of defined morphologic and molecular genetic characteristics. Finally, the general impact of the results for the subjects areas of 'low-level' evolution and plant taxonomy, and for a future re-evaluation of the fossil record, respectively, is outlined.