Abstract:
Introduction
Due to its complex, however, comprehensible structure, the retina is a valuable model for studying processes in neuronal tissues by means of electrophysiological methods. It consists of several types of neuronal cells, which are morphologically and functionally differentiated. Certain types form morphologically distinguishable layers. The signals are transferred through the layers perpendicularly. In addition, the cells form complex contacts in horizontal directions. This cross-linkage is the basis for the processing of the signals generated by the photoreceptor cells, which begins already in retina and is not exclusively ceded to the brain.
Material and methods
For the experiments, enucleated eyes of chickens (Gallus domesticus) were used for the following preparation: Close to the optic nerve, a circular piece was cut, consisting of retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. It was immediately transferred into a modified Ussing chamber, where this in vitro preparation was superfused with a physiological media. Electrophysiological signals (electrical potentials) could be bleed off by different electrodes for up to 12 hours. Standing potentials, analog to the electrooculogram, and light evoked changes of potentials, hereinafter called in vitro electroretinogram, were recorded by computerized data acquisition. Via the superfusion system, the retina-RPE-choroid preparation could be treated with pharmacologically effective substances. Their effects were detected by the comparison of the potentials recorded from the in vitro preparation before, during, and after the treatment period.
This thesis comprises three different topics:
1. Effects of citicolin (CDP-choline);
2. Purinergic receptors: Effects of an agonist (adenosine triphosphate, abbr. ATP) and an antagonist (suramin);
3. Modulation of the cAMP-level (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) by application of forskolin (unspecific, not receptor mediated) und glucagon (effects mediated via the glucagon receptor).
Results and discussion
Electrophysiological recordings (in vitro ERG and EOG) from the retina-RPE-choriod preparations revealed effects of the applied drugs on functions of the retina. From the observed effects, it was possible to derive hints for the involvement of receptor populations and their localization. The below summary shows the results in the order of the topics as listed above.
1. The treatment with citicolin (CDP-choline) was followed by pronounced changes of some of the recorded signals. These effects may have been caused by an endogenous rise of the dopamine level in the retina. Dopamine receptors, which are found in certain cell types of the retina (e. g. the horizontal cells) might act as suitable effectors and transmit the signal (i. e. the increased level of dopamine) to ion channels or transporters.
2. As a result of the treatment with ATP, the standing potentials and the amplitudes of all light evoked signals of the in vitro ERG changed markedly. Assuming the opening of certain ion channels caused by ATP, the described effects can be explained with known models about the generation of potentials and signals in the retina and RPE. Those effects can be triggered by binding of ATP to purinergic receptors, which occur in the membranes of the RPE and some cell types of the retina. Various subtypes of purinergic receptors, belonging to both groups, the ionotropic P2X-, as well as metabotropic P2Y-receptors, could be involved.
3. Forskolin unfolded a strong effect on the RPE, but only if the lipophilic form was applied. Hydrophobic forskolin migrates easily through the membranes of the RPE, which is on the other hand an efficient diffusion barrier for the hydrophilic form. The second messenger cAMP may play a significant role in regulatory processes of the RPE, since a variety of metabotropic receptors transmit signals through the modulation of the cAMP-level of the cell, e. g. the glucagon receptor. Treatments of the in vitro preparation with glucagon resulted in clear clues for the presence of the glucagon receptor in the membranes of the RPE of the chicken. This is of particular interest, as this receptor is presumably an important part of the chain which transmits the growth signal created by the neuro-retina through the RPE to the sclera. The retinal detector, however, which enables the eye to control its growth, has yet to be identified.
Conclusions
Despite some limitations of the described electrophysiological method (in vitro ERG), e. g. frequently fading intensity of the ERG signal shortly after the start of the experiment, probably due to the artificial supply of the retina in the Ussing chamber, the in vitro ERG is a useful tool to acquire information about processes in the retina. Moreover, this method can help to elucidate those processes and to localize effects of drugs in the preparation.