Abstract:
The small GTPase Arf1 is a crucial regulator of vesicle formation at many steps of the secretory pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as in higher eukaryotes. Currently best understood is the role of Arf1 in the formation of COPI-coated vesicles at different levels of the Golgi apparatus. In addition, there is growing evidence of Arf1 being involved in actin cytoskeleton rearrangements as well as in lipid metabolism. The variety of already known regulators and effectors of Arf1 is, however, still insufficient to explain the multiple functions of the same molecule at different cellular locations. Furthermore, it is likely that new Arf1-dependent pathways await discovery in both yeast and mammals.
In this study, a differential affinity chromatography approach was used to identify new interactors of Arf1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytosol. One of the new interactors of activated Arf1p that was identified was the polyA-binding protein Pab1p, which binds to the polyA-tail of mRNA. Pab1p was found to associate with purified COPI-coated vesicles generated from Golgi membranes in vitro. The stability of the Arf1p-Pab1p complex depends on the presence of mRNA. Both symmetrically distributed mRNAs as well as the asymmetrically distributed ASH1 mRNA are found in association with Arf1p. Remarkably, Arf1p and Pab1p are both required to restrict ASH1 mRNA to the bud tip. Arf1p and coatomer play an unexpected role in localizing mRNA independent and downstream of the SHE machinery. Hereby acts the SHE machinery in long-range mRNA transport while COPI vesicles could act as short-range localization vehicles. The ER-Golgi shuttle might be involved in concentrating mRNA at the ER.
Other interactors of activated Arf1p identified were Chs5p and Bch1p, a member of the Bud7-Chs6 family. In this study, I showed that all members of this new and previously uncharacterized fungi-specific protein family physically interact with Arf1p and Chs5p. Moreover, the Bud7-Chs6 family proteins interact with one another and form higher molecular weight complexes. In addition, they are all at least partially localized to the trans-Golgi network. Most importantly, at least Bud7p and Bch2p are found on vesicles generated from Golgi membranes in vitro. The Bud7-Chs6 family is required for trafficking of specific cargo molecules like the chitin synthase Chs3p from the trans-Golgi-network to the mother-bud neck and plays a role in bud-site selection. These functions of the Bud7-Chs6 family proteins converge in Chs5p. Finally, I propose that the Bud7-Chs6 family proteins act as cargo receptors and are involved in Arf1p-dependent post-Golgi transport steps of fungi-specific cargo molecules directed to the mother-bud neck.