Abstract:
The pion-nucleon sigma term, which is an important parameter in chiral
perturbation theory and a measure of explicit chiral symmetry breaking of
QCD due to non-vanishing current quark masses, can be extracted from
elastic pi p scattering data using partial wave analyses and dispersion
relations. However, results of recent analyses yield a very large value
for the sigma term, which leads to problems with the interpretation.
Since the quality of the database on which the extraction is based is
crucial for the result and there are known problems with incompatible
measurements and scarce low energy data available, a new experiment was
carried out within the CHAOS collaboration. Using the CHAOS detector and
a newly developed range telescope covering the extreme forward scattering
angles, differential cross sections in pi^+- p elastic scattering were
measured at 19.9, 25.8, 32.0, 37.1, 43.3, 57.0 and 67.0 MeV pion kinetic
energy at the TRIUMF meson factory in Vancouver, Canada. The CHAOS
detector consists of tracking chambers and particle identification
counters in a vertical magnetic field geometry. This experimental
arrangement allows simultaneous measurements over a large angular range
from 10 to 170 degrees, thus reducing systematic errors. Well-known
mu^+- p scattering cross sections at forward angles were measured
simultaneously as a check of the angle reconstruction and normalization.
This thesis describes the analysis of the low energy data from 19.9 to
43.3 MeV. Typical relative errors for the data are about 3 % statistical
error per data point and between 3 and 8 % systematic error for the data
sets.
For pi^- p elastic scattering, the results of this experiment at 43.3 MeV
lie in-between the data by Brack et al. and Joram et al. At 32.0 MeV the
results are similar to the Joram et al. data for angles up to 80 degrees,
at larger angles deviations are observed. For pi^+ p elastic scattering,
particularly the low cross sections seen by Joram et al. in the
Coulomb-nuclear interference region and at backward angles are not
confirmed. Overall the results agree well with the SAID partial wave
analysis in the pi^- p channel at higher energies, but show some
deviations at 25.8 and 19.9 MeV. For the pi^+ p channel, the data are
systematically lower than predicted by the SAID partial wave analysis at
backward angles, and the Coulomb-nuclear interference minimum is less
pronounced than predicted. In the pi^- p channel, the KH80 partial wave
analysis solution gives a better description of the data than the SAID
solution. In pi^+ p scattering, the KH80 solution is higher than the SAID
solution. This yields a better description at forward angles, however at
backward angles it does not match the behavior observed in the data.
The data from this experiment almost triple the available world data base
for pi^+- p elastic scattering at low energies. It will be very
interesting to see the impact of these data on the phase shifts obtained
by partial wave analyses and on the value of the sigma term.