Abstract:
Multi-body systems are meaningful in research and industrial development, because they occur in various fields like astrophysics, molecular dynamics, automotive engineering, robotics or biomechanics. A multi-body system describes a single or more objects as composite of rigid or elastic bodies. In doing so, certain forces are acting between the different bodies. Considering mechanical systems, the bodies are linked by massless interconnections like joints, springs or dampers.
Modelling multi-body systems, a central problem is the description of such interconnections. This is mostly solved by constraints, that might be introduced by restrictions to certain coordinate systems or by nonlinear side conditions. Instead of these constraints, spring-damper-elements, characterized by large damping constants are frequently used in vehicle dynamics, biomechanics and robotics. In the mathematical formulation, this leads to 'strongly damped mechanical systems', i.e to equations of motion where strong damping forces dominate other forces.
Because of the strong damping, we obtain stiff differential equations. Thus, in choosing an appropriate integrator for the numerical approximation of the solution, explicit methods generally will not work. These would only attain an acceptable accuracy by using tiny stepsizes and accordingly high computational costs. In numerical experiments, it turns out, that some implicit methods, e.g. RadauIIA methods, allow a choice of stepsizes independent from the the size of the damping parameter in order to attain a default accuracy. Therefor no theoretical insights exist. Hence, this work investigates the difficulties which occur in the numerical treatment of strongly damped mechanincal systems. With the class of Runge-Kutta methods we search for conditions, that must be fullfilled by a method in order to be initiated efficiently for a numerical simulation.
First of all, we introduce equations of motion for our system, a singular perturbed ordinary differential equation of second order. After providing two transformations of this differential equation, we characterize smooth solutions by an asymptotic expansion after powers of the reciprocal of the damping parameter. In this connection it turns out that in the case of very large damping constants, smooth solutions approach the solutions of a differenetial algebraic equation of index 2. The analysis of the system is concluded by a characterization of the qualitative behavior of the solution. We prove the existence of an attractive invariant manifold.
In the second part of the work, we introduce numerical methods for the time integration of our problem. Arising form the problem structure we obtain certain assumptions narrowing the implicit Runge-Kutta methods down to specific classes of methods. Numerical solutions of the differential algebraic systems are involved in the error analysis for the strongly damped mechanical system. First we discuss necessary technical details like existence and local uniqueness of the Runge-Kutta solutions, the influence of perturbations as well as the local error and error propagation. For the computation of the global error we need an asymptotic expansion of the numerical solutions. The treatment of an application from biomechanics concludes the work.