Abstract:
Type 2 diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder in the Western world, but the primary factors causing this disease are unknown. Genetic predisposition and certain environmental factors alone or in combination can lead to insulin resistance. In addition posttranslational modification of insulin signaling molecules is also an important mechanism leading to impaired insulin signaling and insulin resistance and finally to type 2 diabetes. The role of posttranslational modifications in the development of insulin resistance is only poorly understood. Therefore the investigation into the regulation of insulin signaling is a key factor in the understanding of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) was recently identified as an upstream substrate for protein kinase (PKC)-zeta. The resulting serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 down-regulates insulin signaling under hyperinsulinemic conditions. To clarify the molecular mechanism of this feed-back loop the aim of this thesis was to identify the currently unknown serine and threonine sites of IRS-1 which are phosphorylated by PKC and to investigate their role in insulin signaling. Serine318 was identified as a major site of PKC-zeta-phosphorylation of IRS-1 by an experimental strategy including in vitro techniques and mass spectrometry: in vitro phosphorylated GST-fusion proteins of IRS-1 were separated by electrophoresis and digested in gel. The resulting phosphopeptides were detected by a newly developed Scan technique and sequenced by an ion trap. In the fusion protein GST-IRS-1 N2 (amino acids 265-522 of the IRS-1 cDNA), ser318 and ser436 were identified as in vitro phosphorylation sites for PKC-zeta, -delta and -beta I. Using another approach with an Q-TOF Ultima mass spectrometer, ser24, thr295, ser787, ser790, thr846, ser1083 and thr1102 were identified as additional PKC-induced in vitro phosphorylation sites in IRS-1. The functional relevance of the serine318 phosphorylation in IRS-1 was investigated in baby hamster kidney cells stably expressing the insulin receptor. Insulin, a strong activator of PKC-zeta, inhibits the insulin receptor-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 and the interaction of IRS-1 with the activated insulin receptor in a time dependent manner. Mutation of serine318 to alanine318, was shown to abrogate the inhibitory effect on the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. Furthermore, the negative influence of PKC-zeta on insulin signaling can also be prevented by this mutation. These results suggest that phosphorylation of serine318 might mediate, at least partially, the inhibitory effect of hyperinsulinemia on IRS-1 function, thus introducing new perspectives in the mechanisms of insulin-induced insulin resistance. Additional findings suggest that the phosphorylation of IRS-1 ser318 by PKC-zeta also takes part in the negative regulation of Erk2 (DNA/RNA synthesis) and PKB (glucose transport, glycogen synthesis, cell survival, gene transcription). In this thesis ser318 was identified as the first PKC-induced phosphorylation site of IRS-1. The importance of this site was investigated in cell culture and the regulation of ser318 phosphorylation in IRS-1 was shown using an in-house prepared polyclonal antibody.