Abstract:
From extracts of mistletoe plants (Viscum album L.) different components, like amino acids, flavonoids, viscotoxins, poly- and oligosaccharides and lectins, have been isolated. The main interest has focussed on type II ribosome-inactivating mistletoe lectins MLI, MLII and MLIII because of their cytotoxic and immunomodulating properties.
In this work, three isomers of a new class of mistletoe lectins, specifically binding to chitin, were isolated from mistletoe extracts by affinity chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) and their primary structures were determined. The chitin-binding mistletoe lectins (cbML1, cbML2 and cbML3) are composed of two protein chains of 48-49 amino acid residues, linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond. The sequences of the monomers are identical up to the 48th amino acid and each contains nine cysteine and six glycine residues, additionally four intramolecular disulfide bridges. The additional amino acid residue at position 49 is a leucine residue. CbML1 consists of two truncated chains, while cbML3 consists of two monomers each of 49 amino acid residues. CbML2 contains one truncated and one full length polypeptide chain. The chitin-binding mistletoe lectins show high sequence homology to hevein from Hevea brasiliensis (55%) and to other proteins with hevein-like domains. On the basis of NMR and X-ray data of hevein a three-dimensional structure of cbML3 was modelled, in which the 26 sequence changes were accommodated with only little perturbation of the folding of the main chain. The high affinity sugar-binding site is highly conserved. Differences have been identified in the loop region and the potential interface region of cbML3.
To determine the content of the chitin-binding mistletoe lectins in mistletoe extracts, a method was established to isolate and quantify small amounts of cbMLs by using microaffinity chromatography and RP HPLC. A validation, according to ICH guidelines, of this analytical method was carried out and showed that specificity, robustness and precision are guaranteed. Linearity is ensured between 0.6 and 4.1 µg/ml cbMLs in the extracts and recovery was calculated to be between 94 and 100%. Because of the results concerning specificity, precision and recovery accuracy of the method is guaranteed as well. As far as the range of the analytical method is concerned, a minimum of 1.2 µg and a maximum of 8.2 µg cbMLs can be incubated with the affinity material. Detection and quantitation limit was calculated to be 0.13 and 0.46 µg/ml cbMLs, respectively.
Further tests were carried out to investigate immunomodulatory properties of the chitin-binding mistletoe lectins. Sera from tumor patients who were treated with mistletoe extracts for several weeks were analysed by ELISA with regard to antibodies against cbML3, MLI and MLIII before and during therapy. 31% of the tested patients had anti-cbML3 antibodies of the IgG type already before mistletoe therapy, while only 15 and 4%, respectively, had anti-MLI and –MLIII antibodies. 54% of the anti-cbML3 negative patients developed antibodies against the chitin-binding mistletoe lectin during therapy. Anti-MLI and –MLIII antibodies were detected in 100% and 86%, respectively, of the tumor patients after the 31st week of therapy. The chitin-binding mistletoe lectins induce anti-cbML3 antibodies of the IgG-type, but with lower antigenicity than the type II ribosome-inactivating proteins of the mistletoe. The fact that one third of the tumor patients had anti-cbML3 antibodies before any contact to mistletoe extracts indicates that there may exist some kind of “natural immunity”. On the other hand, antibodies could have been induced by cross-reacting agents existing ubiquitously such as hevein. In the case of cbML3 IgE-antibodies were detected only in one patient, whereas in the case of MLI and MLIII antibodies of the IgE-type were detected in 7 and 4, respectively, of 26 patients.
Many chitin-binding proteins with hevein-like domains exert antifungal properties. To check similar activities of cbML-proteins different concentrations were incubated with five fungal species with chitin-containing cell walls. Testing cbML concentrations of maximal 150 and 300 µg/ml, respectively, no inhibition of growth was detected in the case of Tremella foliacea and Candida sake, while there was a sigificant antifungal effect in the case of the other three fungal species. IC50-values of 3.5 µg/ml in the case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 14 µg/ml in the case of Microstroma juglandis and 20 µg/ml in the case of Debaryomyces hanessii are comparable with IC50-values resulting from tests carried out with antifungal proteins from Amaranthus caudatus (Ac-AMPs), Pharbitis nil L. (Pn-AMPs) and Euonymus europaeus L. (Ee-CBP).