Abstract:
The Asian leaf monkeys together with the African colobus monkeys constitute the clade Colobinae of the primate order. Relatively little is known about its eco-ethology in comparison to other groups of primates, such as its sister taxon, the Cercopithecinae. With a few exceptions, most colobine species are known from one or two, often purely observational and brief studies conducted at a few locations. The present work intends to contribute to the expansion of our knowledge of the biology of the Asian leaf monkeys. It is concerned with the behavioural ecology of the Indonesian ebony langur, Trachypithecus auratus. Data were collected over a period of 19 months in a dry deciduous monsoon forest in the West Bali National Park. So far, ebony leaf monkeys had only been studied in two evergreen rain forest locations in West Java (KOOL 1989; BECKWITH 1995). The main objective of the present work was to bring in the basic data on the eco-ethology of the Balinese subspecies T. a. kohlbruggei for an intra-specific comparison, which in turn could help us to better understand the influence of ecological factors as well as the adaptability of this primate species to different habitats.
As known from other Asian colobines, Trachypithecus auratus kohlbruggei was organized in one-male social groups, containing on average 17 individuals; i.e. one adult male, up to eleven adult/subadult females and five juveniles/infants. Male-only groups were not observed throughout the study site. The main determinant for group size seemed to be female competition for access to the male, i.e. competition for sperma, which also seemed to cause females to transfer to smaller groups. A further potential reason for female dispersal is the risk of infanticide, being higher in big groups than in small ones.
The home ranges of two focus groups of T. a. kohlbruggei encompassed 17,37 ha and 9,94 ha respectively. The average day range was 736,70 m and 539,80 m. Feeding, resting and travelling predominantly took place at a height of up to five meters above the ground. For a primarily arboreal primate species, T. a. kohlbruggei spent relative much time on the ground. This was due to the open canopy structure of the forest but also to the langurs' preference for spending their resting periods in caves, especially during the dry season.
Compared to the populations investigated in West Java and to other leaf monkeys in general, the ebony langurs in this study showed very little travelling behaviour. This observation is discussed in relation to different conditions, such as the aridity and low floristic diversity characterising the habitat in the West Bali National Park.
The most striking difference to other Trachypithecus - species however was found in the feeding ecology, as the diet of T. a. kohlbruggei consisted of an unusual high percentage of fruits. Besides illuminating the problematic effects of a fruity diet on the sensitive foregut-fermenting digestive system of colobine monkeys in general, various explanations for that difference are examined. Special parameters are considered, such as the absence of sympatric primate - and particularly colobine - species, the dryness and seasonality of the habitat as well as the phytochemistry of certain plant species and the possibility of a concealed preference for seeds.