Abstract:
At first sight, the issue of gender differentiating in voluntary work may appear irrelevant. Indeed, we know, that while women are performing their social and voluntary duties, the men are committed members of clubs or active in politics. Empirical studies that demonstrate the different quotas of men and women in terms of their commitment to various sectors support this idea of common knowledge. As with the labour market, horizontal and vertical gender segregations can also be observed in the voluntary sector. In this case, the status of research already appears to be summarized: voluntary work is horizontally and vertically segregated according to gender. What is also widely known is that in "third sector" organizations, where voluntary work and activities are generally carried out in Germany, women are active in above-average numbers, yet these same numbers are not mirrored by their representation in top managerial positions.
This rather disappointing finding can be explained by the fact that the category of gender is largely noted as a feature or quality of individuals in the respective studies, yet not classified as an aspect of social organization. Many theses are often simply not considered. For instance, one such thesis is that the gender category is less important as a means of organization in terms of functions in the wake of social differentiation and the increasing application of equality standards. Equally, another suggests that the relevance of gender categorizations is differentiated according to the respective situation, that is, the importance of gender can become more or less relevant or, respectively, neutralized. One explanation for gender segregations that can be noted is frequently simply the "different preferences" or "typical role allocations" for women and men. However, it remains an open question as to how numerical gendering is (re)produced in the sphere of voluntary work as a result of gender differentiating practices. The question that is omitted is how gender can be "at work" as a social classification system in the voluntary work sector. The present study aims to close this research gap by enquiring into gender differentiating in the field of voluntary work in organizations.
Results of the study are, among others, that this question may not be answered in general. The organizational context has some control over what situations and dimensions are differentiated and with what consequences, thus, these are contingent on the organizational situation. In the three organizations that were the focus of the study (Tafel , THW and AWO ), the allocation of work, differentiation between the public and private sphere as well as everyday knowledge about the modes and media of gender constructions emerged as intrinsically linked to each other in terms of (re)production and neutralization processes. However, this results in different consequences.
The results of the study do not solely focus on the individual voluntary work activity, but involve organizations as a unit of analysis and are partly at odds with the results of studies in active employment. Work allocations do not automatically transfer to a vertical and hierarchical dimension. The processes of gender and hierarchical status associations are not necessarily intertwined with each other in all cases and in all aspects of voluntary work. A new aspect is also apparent in the fact that, at least partially, the gender-specific allocation is becoming less rigid with respect to private sphere on the one hand and with regard to professional life and public sphere on the other hand. For instance, at one organization, voluntary work is anchored in the public sphere of non-private reproduction work, yet at the same time also experienced as a counterpoint to active employment. In this case, the research field for voluntary activity facilitates insights that lead beyond the well-known distinction between the public and private sphere or between active employment and reproduction work and their organizations and institutions.