Abstract:
Already before the EU Directive 96/92/EG was passed in 1996, some countries in the EU had started their liberalisation process for energy markets. So, in 1991, Norway established a national power market that in 1996 turned into the multinational power exchange Nord Pool, including all Nordic countries today.
The fact that electricity cannot be stored efficiently and must be generated and consumed at the same time has several consequences: The spot price process exhibits characteristics like seasonal regularities, mean reversion and price jumps or spikes. Furthermore, a replication of futures and forward contracts with spot contracts is not possible, the relevant pricing equation for forward contracts is not valid any more. This enables us to estimate parameters implicitly, using futures and forward contracts.
One purpose in this work is the employment and further development of already existing models for electricity. A second purpose is to adjust and extend recently proposed models for stock returns for the electricity market. Duffie, Pan and Singleton (2000) introduce stochastic processes with stochastic volatility and jumps. The jumps do not only occur in the price process, but also in the volatility process. The jump sizes in the volatility process are exponentially distributed. We extend this model class further by allowing the jump sizes in the volatility process to follow a Gamma-distribution. This is a generalization of the former model class, because Exponential distributions are a special case of Gamma-distributions. The models are then further extended with seasonality components.
Pricing formulae for derivatives are developed for all these models and extensions. Futures and forward prices are used to estimate implicit parameter values in an empirical part of this work. The estimations for all models are also compared by pricing options by means of Monte Carlo methodology and comparing these theoretical model prices to the observed ones on the market.
We use data from Nord Pool, the power exchange for the Nordic countries.