Abstract:
Development theories describe characteristics of under-developed societies and are the foundation for strategies, which can lead to systematic changes that will further economic and social development. In the view of the author, modernisation theories, a form of development theory, have the greatest potential to explain development because of their approach and neutrality.
Sport science addresses the issue of whether sport is an appropriate instrument for development in third world countries and, if so, the functions it can fulfil in this regard. Numerous contributors credit sport with functions that lead to the development of societies using this evidence as a rationalisation for its general advancement. However, in the author’s opinion, this evidence is valid only if based on empirical data. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the discussion by collecting and examining data from the example of athletics.
Since 1991, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) has operated a Coaches Education and Certification System (CECS), which includes a three level programme of courses. The CECS is an element of a strategy for the development of athletics derived from a theory-based problem analysis. This study investigates the CECS Level I course, which has been delivered in more than 100 developing countries. For the analysis, various criteria for the evaluation of general development aid and sport development projects are used.
CECS Level I courses were examined from the perspectives of the participants, lecturers and national athletics federations, both immediately after the courses and at some temporal distance (up to several years). A total of 15,769 questionnaires from 2,577 participants (representing 89 countries and six languages), 120 lecturers and 98 national federations were analysed. The feedback rate for the various groups was between 55 and 88 %. In addition, 207 participant interviews, conducted in three languages, were considered.
The results show that the CECS Level I course is clearly oriented towards performance sport and that within the course athletics is conveyed as a typical symbol system for modern societies. Therefore, the course has the potential to transfer elements of consciousness of modernity. These elements have been identified on the basis of the theories of BERGER/BERGER/KELLNER (1987) and DIGEL (1993).
With regard to the general development and sport development analysis criteria, it was found that (a) Level I courses initiate social-communicative impulses; (b) the logic, adequacy and content-correctness of the curriculum are good; (c) the quality of the sport personnel (lecturers) is high; (d) with some reservations, the quality of the teaching materials is good; (e) there is a positive influence on athletics-specific leadership structures; (f) there is strong positive feedback on the improvement of knowledge; (g) there are hints of positive effects on the development of the personalities of the participants; and (h) there are hints of positive contributions to “Nation Building”.
On the other hand, it was found that the theoretical basis for the CECS (“The IAAF Problem Analysis”) has fundamental weaknesses. There is a misleading logic to the causes and effects expressed, which undermines the resulting strategy. In addition, data analysis has shown that because country specific needs are not considered in the syllabus, the Level I course does not meet the development needs for the sport or societies as effectively as it might.
Furthermore, (a) the potential of the CECS Level I course to stimulate problem identification and solution-finding skills related to local level athletics has not been fully realised (One reason for this is that the reality of a course conducted at the country’s top sport facilities in a population centre is usually far removed from the reality faced in rural areas.), (b) CECS Level I courses showed few institution building effects (on the contrary the full development impact of a course can only be realised if certain sport structures are in place and effective already), and (c) the orientation towards performance sport excludes grass-root athletics in the sense of “Sport for All”, thereby limiting important development effects that sport might have on a society (health benefits, integration, female emancipation, etc.).
It can be concluded that the CECS Level I course provides acceptable performance oriented training for coaches but is of only limited effectiveness for the general development of sport and societies.