Abstract:
The paper examines the theoretical reflection within the Netherlandish painting and graphics of the 15th to 17th Century. The focus is on representations of the artist, in which the profession of the painter and his intellectual or social position could be addressed and upgraded. These are at first the many paintings and graphics of the theme “St. Luke painting the Virgin”, which are analyzed in the first part with reference to the patronage of guilds and brotherhoods. The Christian tradition and localization of professional painters is followed in the second part by the investigation of identification figures, motifs and themes of ancient pagan origin (“Apelles portraying Campaspe”, Zeuxis, Protogenes, Pygmalion, the art of painting in the system of liberal and mechanical arts, pictures of Mercury and his children, Minerva, Hermathena) as well as of allegories in conjunction with the early modern invention Pictura. The third part evaluates the previous image analysis with respect to the social standing of the artist and the early modern art theory of both sides of the Alps and exposes the further development of the unliteral discourse in the form of Pictura-allegories. The various iconographic themes are therefore for the first time treated collectively in social history and art theory aspects.
The time frame ranges from Rogier van der Weyden's St. Luke (1430/35) to the emergence of the genres of painted art cabinets and profane studios, which originated the study of “painted art theory”. This break corresponds to the release of Carel van Manders “Schilder-Boeck“ (Haarlem 1604), which marks the transition from visual to literary fixed art theory in the north of the alps. The main content of the art theoretical discourse in this period were the comparison between painting and poetry, the scientific foundations of painting and the appreciation of the manual fabrication of artworks. The demands for recognition as an art equivalent to rhetoric and poetry, leading back to the dictum “ut pictura poesis”, relied on the imagination, inspiration and divine election or talent of the artist as well as on the mimetic and epistemological qualities of the image. The claims of the painters to be recognized as representatives of a learned art, based on scientific principles (“pictor doctus”), argued with the use of principles of selection and measuring sciences, studying the antiquity and antiquarian interests. The appreciation of manual fabrication was affected in form of the reception of Christian concepts of the vita activa and ideas of virtue derived from the ancient orator education (virtus). Concepts of legitimacy as these contributed to the fact that the commendation of the artist's hand could be assigned by holy, mythical or allegorical figures of identification to contemporary artists, that the making of art could be understood as a special award or that depictions of working artists and profane studios could raise to worthy genres of art.
The theoretical reflection reached, regardless of iconographic reference, a preliminary peak in 1550, was abruptly interrupted by the iconoclasm and restarted, towards the end of the 16th Century, at the Prague court of Rudolph II. While the discourses there can be related to imperial privileges and exemptions from guild constraints and the allegories of Pictura, her sisters and their father “disegno” in Italy can be brought in connection with the establishment of academies, the protagonists of the development in the Netherlands often were and remained the leading members of their guild or brotherhood. These therefore had a less inhibitory effect on the processes of aestheticism, professionalization and scientific nature of art than previously thought. The guiding discourses were in fact developed within the guild communities and then influenced their self-image, representation and structure as well.