Abstract:
The pertussis toxin-sensitive G alpha i proteins are quantitatively the most abundant G proteins in mammalian cells. G alpha i 2 und G alpha i 3 as members of the G alpha i family expressed on the periphery display overlapping expression patterns and a high percentage of amino acid sequence identity. Previous studies have shown that they have redundant as well as isoform-specific roles.
One possible mechanism underlying the functional redundancy is the compensatory up regulation of the remaining G alpha i isoforms when one specific G alpha i isoform is genetically de-activated, but the previous data from the literature on this subject are contradictory. In this present work it was shown, that in the lung, as a peripheral immunological organ as well as in different cells of the innate immune system a compensatory up regulation of the present isoform takes place. A significant up regulation of G alpha i 3 was observed in G alpha i 2-deficient lungs. On contrary, the expression of G alpha i 2 in G alpha i 3-deficient lungs was unchanged. Additionally, neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages were isolated from the peritoneum after thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, and these cells were also analyzed for the expression levels of G alpha i 2 and G alpha i 3. There was a significant up regulation of the present isoform in both analyzed cell types. Moreover, the analysis of the G beta isoforms showed a significant reduction of both G beta 1 and G beta 2 in the G alpha i 2-deficient macrophages, whereas in the G alpha i 3-deficient neutrophils G beta 1 was up regulated. The cell counts of the peritoneal lavage fluid showed reduced numbers of both peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages in the G alpha i2-deficient mice. In order to investigate the causes behind this reduced migration in a different cellular system, G alpha i 2-deficient macrophages and an endothelial cell line were generated with shRNA plasmids, in co-operation with the group of Prof. Gessner. These cell lines were also analyzed for the expression levels of G alpha i and G beta isoforms. The efficiency of the G alpha i 2 knock-down with this approach resulted in a reduction of its protein levels by 60% in the RAW 264.7 macrophages and by 75% in the fEnd.5 endothelial cells. Interestingly enough, this resulted in a compensatory up regulation of G alpha i 3 only in the endothelial cells, which also showed a stronger reduction of both G beta isoforms.
According to the results, in a global G alpha i knock-out model there is a compensatory up regulation of the present isoform on protein level. This phenomenon can be avoided with different methodological approaches. One possibility is the analysis of conditional deficient animals, in which the protein of interest is knocked-down in single tissues and cells with the help of the lox-Cre system. In following experiments it should be shown that in this case a compensatory up regulation of the present isoform does not take place.
G alpha i 3-deficient animals do not differ from their wild type littermate controls as far as the cell count of peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages is concerned, as these cell populations could be efficiently recruited to the peritoneum in the model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. Previous data from our group showed a role of G alpha i 3 in the formation of autophagosomes. Due to the fact that autophagy also plays an important role in the infection model with the bacterium L. monocytogenes, mice embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were infected in vitro with this bacterium, which resulted in a much higher permissiveness of G alpha i 3-deficient MEFs for the invasion and replication of Listeria bacilli in comparison to G alpha i 2-deficient and wild type MEFs. Additionally, no co-localization with the autophagosome marker LC3 could be detected in G alpha i 3-deficient MEFs in comparison to the wild type cells. Consecutively, G alpha i 3-deficient and wild type animals were infected with L. monocytogenes. The survival rate of the G alpha i 3-deficient animals after inoculation of the LD50 dose was strongly reduced. This was followed by an increase in the bacterial colony-forming units in the spleen and liver of the infected animals. Hereby plays G alpha i 3 an essential role in the immune response against a bacterium which is also a target organism for the cellular autophagy. In order to decipher the regulation of the autophagic proteolysis by G alpha i 3 during a bacterial infection, further in vitro and in vivo analyses would be of great importance. With the help of in vitro approaches the regulation of the autophagosome marker LC3 by G alpha i 3 could be clarified, whereas in vivo infection experiments should help to elucidate its protective role in the cells of the innate as well as the acquired immune system during infectious diseases.