Abstract:
A significant debate and variable results exist in the current neurosurgical literature regarding the evaluation of shunt function vs. Chiari decompression in patients with symptomatic Chiari II. In an aim to better identify the outcome of symptomatic and non-symptomatic patients with Chiari II, their evolution was here analyzed separately over the years. The surgical experience of patients afflicted with Chiari malformation in the last four decades at our institution was reviewed. A series of 74 patients in whom the diagnosis of Chiari malformation was confirmed and in which 61 patients underwent a surgical procedure was analyzed:
- 17 Chiari malformation Type I patients,
- 43 Chiari malformation Type I and Syringomyelia patients,
- 13 Chiari malformation and myelomeningocele patients (3 CM I, 9 CM II, 1 CM III),
- 1 Chiari malformation Type II patient.
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Sex and age distributions, age of disease onset, prior surgical treatments, preoperative symptoms, neurological findings, radiological characteristics, operative procedures, outcomes and complications were analyzed from the admission history, physical examinations and operative reports. The distribution of patient sex showed a female preponderance. The age of female patients was significantly greater than that of their male counterparts because they were more affected by the CMI/SM. This stems from the fact that in patients with syringomyelia the elapsed time from the onset of neurological symptoms until definitive diagnosis was longer. Regarding symptom manifestation, most of the patients in the series without a syrinx presented with headache and neck pain, while patients with syringomyelia additionally showed manifestations of sensory and motor changes.
The operative approach in our institution in the case of Chiari malformation was as follows. In case of concomitant hydrocephalus, priority is given to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting, while posterior fossa decompression is performed for the patients without hydrocephalus or for the patients with hydrocephalus who have not improved after the shunt procedure. In case of concomitant syringomyelia, the surgeons in our clinic assume that posterior fossa decompression alone is adequate. Most of the patients responded favorably to posterior fossa decompression and cervical laminectomy and in case of syringomyelia the cavity of the syrinx also decreased in size. Based on the reported results, presenting symptoms associated with good outcome were headache, cervical pain, mild scoliosis and sleep apnea. Those associated with a poor outcome included an increased duration of symptoms, muscle atrophy, ataxia and nystagmus. Postoperative complications included CSF leakage and meningitis. Some patients required more than one surgery due to recurrent symptoms, development or expansion of syringomyelia or to a lack of improvement after surgery.
The clinical picture of patients with Chiari malformation and myelomeningocele presents differently depending on the patient’s age. In older children, patients responded favorably to posterior fossa decompression and cervical laminectomy and the cavity of the syrinx also decreased in size. On the other hand, the operative indication for neonates and young infants in whom the combination of direct compression and vascular compromise can lead to a more devastating clinical picture are still controversial.