Abstract:
The introduction of Cisplatin was a breakthrough in the therapy of testicular germ cell tumours, whose cure rate could be raised to more than 80%. The cause of the hypersensitivity of testicular cancer towards Cisplatin is still not fully resolved, yet of great interest for oncology in general, as new possibilities for the therapy of other tumour entities may be explored.
The present work confirms the high sensitivity of the testicular tumour cell line NTERA-2D1 as well as the rapid induction of a mitochondrial Caspase-dependent cell death. An extrinsic activation of apoptosis was not involved. However, a participation of cytoplasmatic p53 seems possible. Further, it was shown that NTERA-2D1 is capable to repair Cisplatin-induced damage if an early cell death is prohibited by blocking the Caspase activity. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms, NTERA-2D1 was treated with all-trans retinoic acid for 48h (NTERA-2D1+RA), which induces a differentiation and a sensitivity change of 1 log step. Various proteins relevant for repair, damage detection and apoptosis were investigated in both strands, as no difference was found for XPC, XPA, ATM and CHK1. In contrast, CHK2 was slightly increased in NTERA-2D1 compared to the differentiated strand. In NTERA-2D1, p53 was induced and activated earlier. Among the p53 target genes, it was predominantly the product of PMAIP1, i.e. the pro-apoptotic NOXA, which showed a notably stronger induction in un-differentiated NTERA-2D1. Further, several p53-cofactors were investigated that modulate the function of p53 towards apoptosis (ASPP1, ASPP2) or cell cycle arrest (iASPP).
The expression of ASPP1 was significantly greater in NTERA-2D1 than in NTERA-2D1+RA. All evidence indicates that p53 plays an important role as a pro-apoptotic protein in the cytoplasm and as a transcription factor for hypersensitivity.
The importance of the BCL-2 proteins (e.g. NOXA) was investigated to understand the cell-specific action of p53 and develop new therapy approaches for the modulation of the sensitivity of resistant tumours. Finally, the importance of co-medications together with Cisplatin was evaluated by means of a substance library with 1120 agents, of which only a few substances with protective or synergistic effect could be identified. A further investigation of these substances appears promising, since a specific medication of the patient during chemotherapy could have a significant influence on the therapy outcome.