Abstract:
Suicidal erythrocyte death is regulated by a wide variety of factors such as systemic diseases, endogenous mediators, and xenobiotics. The hallmarks of eryptosis include cell shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing and phospholipid cell membrane scrambling with consequent phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface. It is triggered by increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity on one hand and ceramide formation on the other. Besides, the clinical relevance of eryptosis in anemia, it has been shown to be of benefit in limiting the plasmodial activity in malaria and a physiological means of averting hemolysis.
In the first section of the present study, the effect of temperature on erythrocyte survival in vitro was elucidated. Fever and hyperthermia are frequently associated with anemia. In most clinical conditions they are considered as two mutually independent clinical consequences of a common cause. The present study, aims to unravel the role of excessive suicidal erythrocyte death as a cause of anemia in pyrexia related disorders. To this end, annexin V-binding was used to determine PS-exposure, forward scatter to measure cell volume, Fluo3 fluoresence to estimate cytosolic Ca2+ activity, and binding of fluorescent antibodies to determine ceramide abundance using FACS analysis. A luciferin-luciferase based assay was used to measure the cytosolic ATP concentrations. Graded hyperthermic conditions from 37°C to 41°C decreased forward scatter, stimulated annexin V-binding of human erythrocytes which was accompanied by increased cytosolic Ca2+ activity, decreased cellular ATP content and a moderate increase in ceramide formation. Hyperthermia- triggered increased annexin V-binding was significantly abrogated by the leukotriene receptor CysLT1 antagonist, cinalukast (1 µM). This study reveals that hyperthermia potentiates suicidal erythrocyte death and theoretically be one of the causes of anemia in pyrexia related disorders.
In the second section, the role of endothelin B receptor stimulation in erythrocyte survival was studied. Endothelins are potent peptides with diverse physiological functions. They are known to stimulate nitric oxide formation which protects against suicidal erythrocyte death. The present study explores whether the ET1-receptor, ETB, influences suicidal erythrocyte death. To this end, cytosolic Ca2+ activity and phosphatidylserine exposure were determined using Fluo-3 fluorescence and annexin V-binding respectively, in FACS analysis. Energy depletion increased cytosloic Ca2+ activity, and phosphatidylserine exposure, effects that were significantly blunted by ET-1 and the ETB receptor-agonist sarafotoxin 6c but not by ET-2 and ET-3. ET-1 and sarafotoxin 6c significantly delayed the kinetics of suicidal erythrocyte death following energy depletion. ETB stimulation did not blunt the effect of the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin (1 µM) on phosphatidylserine-exposure. The in vivo significance was tested using rescued ETB-knockout (etb-/-) and wildtype (etb+/+) mice. The number of phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, reticulocytes and spleen size were significantly larger in etb-/--mice than in etb+/+-mice. The etb-/--erythrocytes were more susceptible to the effect of oxidative stress and more rapidly cleared from the circulating blood than etb+/+-erythrocytes. Finally, the spleens from etb-/--mice were enlarged and contained markedly more phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes than spleens from etb+/+-mice. These observations, thus disclose a novel anti-eryptotic function of ET1.