Abstract:
Background:
The term CUP syndrome stands for the occurrence of metastases of an unknown primary tumour (Cancer of Unknown Primary). In this situation, the location of the primary tumour, the extent of metastatic spread and potential local complications are determining factors for the patient’s prognosis. Their proper determination is essential for the selection of an appropriate curative or palliative treatment. Positron Emission Tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is increasingly used to assess these factors in the diagnostic work-up of patients with CUP syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of FDG-PET to the detection of the primary tumour, to the assessment of the extent of metastatic spread and to the detection of potentially tumour associated local complications in patients with CUP syndrome in clinical routine in a hospital of maximum care. Furthermore, the additional benefit of computed tomography (CT) in combined FDG-PET/CT was assessed.
Patients and Methods:
In a retrospective analysis, the examinations of 244 patients with CUP-syndrome undergoing FDG-PET (series A, 169 patients) or FDG-PET/CT (series B, 75 patients) were analysed. Follow-up examinations and additional diagnostic procedures like CT, MRI or biopsies served as a gold standard. The detection of the primary tumour, of metastases and of potential tumour associated local complications was evaluated. To determine the added benefit of PET/CT compared to PET, the results of series A were compared with the results of series B, and in series B, the results of combined PET/CT were compared to the results of an additional evaluation of the PET component alone.
Results:
In series A and B, a primary tumour was detected and verified as true-positive in a total of 66/244 cases (27%). In 5 cases (2%), false-positive results occurred. In the largest subgroup consisting of patients with cervical lymph node metastases, the primary tumour was detected in 27/112 cases (24%).
FDG-PET(/CT) detected bone metastases and/or multiple hepatic metastases and/or multiple lung metastases and/or metastasis in different regions of the body in 107/244 patients (44%), indicating a poorer prognosis and limited therapeutic options. In 21/244 patients (9%), these results were not demonstrated in preceding examinations. In patients presenting with known cervical lymph node metastases only, extracervical metastases were found in 6/50 patients (12%). For these patients, a solely loco-regional therapy was not indicated.
The comparison of PET (series A) and PET/CT (series B) demonstrated a higher detection rate of the primary tumour for PET/CT (29%) than for PET (26%), in patients with cervical lymph node metastases the detection rate was nearly identical (25% for PET/CT and 24% for PET). The comparison within series B showed an increase of the detection rate from 20% (15/75) for PET to 29% (22/75) for PET/CT (statistically not significant).
In series B (PET/CT), imminent local complications needing treatment were detected by the CT component of the examination in 20% (15/75) of the patients.
Conclusion:
In this study, FDG-PET proved itself to be an important diagnostic tool for patients with CUP-syndrome. The primary tumour is frequently detected (27%) and the extent of metastatic spread can reliably be evaluated by this whole-body examination, delivering the foundation for the choice of the best treatment option in many cases.
The introduction of combined PET/CT scanners is a significant progress for the use of FDG-PET in patients with CUP-syndrome. This study demonstrated a higher detection rate of primary tumours for PET/CT (29%) than for PET (20%), though these results need to be validated in studies with a larger patient collective in order to reach statistical significance.
In addition, a clinically relevant advantage of the whole-body CT contained in the combined PET/CT examination is the frequent detection of potential tumour associated local complications needing specific treatment.